Staff profile

Tuomas Eerola is Professor in Music Cognition in Durham University. He obtained his MA degree in musicology at the University of Jyväskylä (Finland) in 1997. His pre-doctoral work involved periods of study at Leicester University (UK) and Cornell University (USA). In 2003, he finished his PhD at University of Jyväskylä in musicology (music cognition). In 2003-2006, he worked as postdoctoral researcher at the same institution, followed by a postdoctoral position at an EU Project (Tuning the Brain for Music). Between 2007 and 2013, he held a professorship at the the University of Jyväskylä (Finland), first associated with Music, Mind & Technology MA programme and later as a Chair of Musicology. Eerola was affiliated with the Finnish Centre of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Music Research. At Music Department at Durham University, he has served as the Director of Research (2013-2015) and the Head of Department (2018-2020).

Professor Eerola has lead several major research projects, Sweet Sorrow funded by the Academy of Finland (2013-2017). He has been the co-investigator in Interpersonal Entrainment in Music Performance, funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC, 2016-18), led by Martin Clayton and the other co-investigators being Antonio Camurri (Genoa) and Peter Keller (Sydney). He is currently involved in two funded research projects (EnTimeMent, funded by EU FET programme led by Antonio Camurri, and Social cohesion and resilience through intercultural music engagement, which is funded by Australian Research Council and led by Jane Davidson and Bill Thompson).

Tuomas Eerola has published more than 80 journal articles in the past 10 years (see Google Scholar or ORCID). Eerola has been the President of Finnish Musicological Society and serves on several editorial boards including the journals Psychology of Music, Empirical Musicology Review, and Psychomusicology.

To read more about music psychology at Durham, see Music & Science Lab and Music Psychology at Durham.

• Music and emotions
• Music perception, particularly melody, rhythm and timbre
• Music and movement

• Profile at Academia
• Profile at Github
• Profile at ResearchGate
• Profile Google Scholar

Chapter in book

• Eerola, T. (2018). Music and Emotion. In Music psychology. Springer handbook of systematic musicology. Bader, Rolf Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 539-554.
• Eerola, T. (2014). Melody processing. In Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Encyclopedia. Thompson, William Forde Sage. 684-687.
• Eerola, T. (2014). Database studies. In Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Encyclopedia. Thompson, William Forde Sage. 316-319.
• Eerola, T. (2014). Similarity, Melodic. In Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Encyclopedia. Thompson, William Forde Sage. 1003-1006.
• Eerola, T. (2014). Complexity. In Music in the Social and Behavioral Sciences: An Encyclopedia. Thompson, William Forde Sage. 227-229.
• Eerola, T. & Punkanen, M. (2012). King of Sorrow: Perception and experience of sadness in music. In Psychology of Sadness. Langley, Emile J. & Knowles, Roger B. New York, US: Nova. 31 - 52.
• Zentner, Marcel R. & Eerola, T. (2010). Self-report measures and models. In Handbook of Music and Emotion. Juslin, P. N. & Sloboda, J. A. New York: Oxford University Press. 187-221.
• Eerola, T. (2010). Musical taste and attitudes of a Finnish listener educated in humanities. In Musical listening habits of College students in Finland, Slovenia, South Africa, and Texas: Similarities and Differences. Schuler, N. Hamburg, Germany: Peter Lang. 5: 59 - 70.
• Erkkilä, J. & Eerola, T. (2001). Music therapy methods in the treatment of gambling addiction. In Proceedings of the European Conference of Music Therapy, Naples, Italy.

Journal Article

• Bannister, S. & Eerola, T. (2023). Vigilance and social chills with music: Evidence for two types of musical chills. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 17(2): 242–258.
• Micallef Grimaud, Annaliese & Eerola, Tuomas (2022). Emotional expression through musical cues: A comparison of production and perception approaches. PLOS ONE 17(12): e0279605.
• Fuentes-Sánchez, Nieves, Pastor, Raúl, Eerola, Tuomas, Escrig, Miguel A. & Pastor, M. Carmen (2022). Musical preference but not familiarity influences subjective ratings and psychophysiological correlates of music-induced emotions. Personality and Individual Differences 198: 111828.
• Armitage, James & Eerola, Tuomas (2022). Cross-modal Transfer of Valence or Arousal from Music to Word Targets in Affective Priming? Auditory Perception & Cognition 5(3-4): 192-210.
• Reybrouck, Mark & Eerola, Tuomas (2022). Musical Enjoyment and Reward: From Hedonic Pleasure to Eudaimonic Listening. Behavioral Sciences 12(5): 154.
• Street, Sally, Eerola, Tuomas & Kendal, Jeremy (2022). The role of population size in folk tune complexity. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 9: 152.
• Lennie, Thomas M. & Eerola, Tuomas (2022). The CODA Model: A Review and Skeptical Extension of the Constructionist Model of Emotional Episodes Induced by Music. Frontiers in Psychology 13: 82264.
• Lahdelma, I., Eerola, T. & Armitage, J. (2022). Is Harmonicity a Misnomer for Cultural Familiarity in Consonance Preferences? Frontiers in Psychology 13: 802385.
• Micallef Grimaud, A. & Eerola, T. (2022). An interactive approach to emotional expression through musical cues. Music & Science 5: 1-23.
• Jakubowski, K. & Eerola, T. (2022). Music evokes fewer but more positive autobiographical memories than emotionally matched sound and word cues. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 11(2): 272-288.
• Lahdelma, I., Armitage, J. & Eerola, T. (2022). Affective priming with musical chords is influenced by pitch numerosity. Musicae Scientiae 26(1): 208-217.
• Eerola, T. & Lahdelma, I. (2022). Register Impacts Perceptual Consonance through Roughness and Sharpness. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 29(3): 800-808.
• Fuentes-Sánchez, N., Pastor, M. C. Eerola, T. & Pastor, R. (2021). Individual differences in music reward sensitivity influence the perception of emotions represented by music. Musicae Scientiae
• Clayton, Martin, Tarsitani, Simone, Jankowsky, Richard, Jure, Luis, Leante, Laura, Polak, Rainer, Poole, Adrian, Rocamora, Martín, Alborno, Paolo, Camurri, Antonio, Eerola, Tuomas, Jacoby, Nori & Jakubowski, Kelly (2021). The Interpersonal Entrainment in Music Performance Data Collection. Empirical Musicology Review 16(1): 65-84.
• Eerola, T., Armitage, J., Lavan, N. & Knight, S. (2021). Online Data Collection in Auditory Perception and Cognition Research: Recruitment, Testing, Data Quality and Ethical Considerations. Auditory Perception & Cognition 4(3-4): 251-280.
• Gómez, J., Cano, C., Eerola, T. Gomez, E. Herrera, P. Yang, Y., Hu, X. & Yang, Y. (2021). Music Emotion Recognition: Toward new, robust standards in personalized and context-sensitive applications. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 38(6): 106-114.
• Armitage, J., Lahdelma, I. & Eerola, T. (2021). Automatic responses to musical intervals: Contrasts in acoustic roughness predict affective priming in Western listeners. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150(1): 551.
• Eerola, T., Vuoskoski, J. K., Kautiainen, H., Peltola, H.-R., Putkinen, V. & Schäfer, K. (2021). Being moved by listening to unfamiliar sad music induces reward-related hormonal changes in empathic listeners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1502(1): 121-131.
• Eerola, T. & Lahdelma, I. (2021). The Anatomy of Consonance/Dissonance: Evaluating Acoustic and Cultural Predictors Across Multiple Datasets with Chords. Music & Science 4.
• Lahdelma, I., Athanasopoulos, G. & Eerola, T. (2021). Sweetness is in the ear of the beholder: chord preference across United Kingdom and Pakistani listeners. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1502(1): 72-84.
• Jakubowski, K., Belfi, A. M. & Eerola, T. (2021). Phenomenological Differences in Music- and Television-Evoked Autobiographical Memories. Music Perception 38(5): 435-455.
• Athanasopoulos, G., Eerola, T., Lahdelma, I. & Kaliakatsos-Papakostas, M. (2021). Harmonic organisation conveys both universal and culture-specific cues for emotional expression in music. PLOS ONE 16(1): e0244964.
• Micallef Grimaud, A. & Eerola, T. (2021). EmoteControl: An interactive system for real-time control of emotional expression in music. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 25(4): 677-689.
• Fuentes-Sánchez, N., Pastor, R., Eerola, T. & Pastor, M. C. (2021). Spanish adaptation of a film music stimulus set (FMSS): Cultural and gender differences in the perception of emotions prompted by music excerpts. Psychology of Music 49(5): 1242-1260.
• Jakubowski, K., Eerola, T., Blackwood Ximenes, A., Ma, W.K., Clayton, M. & Keller, P.E. (2020). Multimodal perception of interpersonal synchrony: Evidence from global and continuous ratings of improvised musical duo performances. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain 30(4): 159-177.
• Clayton, M., Jakubowski, K., Eerola, T., Keller, P. E., Camurri, A., Volpe, G. & Alborno, P. (2020). Interpersonal entrainment in music performance: Theory, method and model. Music Perception 38(2): 136–194.
• Lahdelma, I. & Eerola, T. (2020). Cultural familiarity and musical expertise impact the pleasantness of consonance/dissonance but not its perceived tension. Scientific Reports 10: 8693.
• Armitage, J. & Eerola, T. (2020). Reaction Time Data in Music Cognition: Comparison of Pilot Data From Lab, Crowdsourced, and Convenience Web Samples. Frontiers in Psychology 10: 2883.
• Schäfer, K. & Eerola, T. (2020). How listening to music and engagement with other media provide a sense of belonging: an exploratory study of social surrogacy. Psychology of Music 48(2): 232-251.
• Lameira, A. R., Eerola, T. & Ravignani, A. (2019). Coupled whole-body rhythmic entrainment between two chimpanzees. Scientific Reports 9: 18914.
• Küssner, M. B. & Eerola, T. (2019). The Content and Functions of Vivid and Soothing Visual Imagery during Music Listening: Findings from a Survey Study. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain 29(2-3): 90-99.
• Maksimainen, Johanna P., Eerola, Tuomas & Saarikallio, Suvi H. (2019). Ambivalent Emotional Experiences of Everyday Visual and Musical Objects. SAGE Open 9(3): 1-17.
• Clayton, M., Jakubowski, K. & Eerola, T. (2019). Interpersonal entrainment in Indian instrumental music performance: Synchronization and movement coordination relate to tempo, dynamics, metrical and cadential structure. Musicae Scientiae 23(3): 304-331.
• Becker, S., Bräscher, A.-K., Bannister, S., Bensafi, M., Calma-Birling, D., Chan, R. C.K., Eerola, T., Ellingsen, D.-M., Ferdenzi, C., Hanson, J. L., Joffily, M., Lidhar, N. K., Lowe, L. J., Martin, L. J., Musser, E. D., Noll-Hussong, M., Olino, Thomas M., Pintos Lobo, R. & Wang, Y. (2019). The role of hedonics in the Human Affectome. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 102: 221-241.
• Maksimainen, J, Wikgren, J, Eerola, T & Saarikallio, S (2018). The effect of memory in inducing pleasant emotions with musical and pictorial stimuli. Scientific Reports 8(1): 17638.
• Bannister, S. C. & Eerola, T. (2018). Suppressing the Chills: Effects of Musical Manipulation on the Chills Response. Frontiers in Psychology - Auditory Cognitive Neuroscience 9: 2046.
• Eerola, T., Vuoskoski, J. K., Peltola, H.-R., Putkinen, V. & Schäfer, K. (2018). Towards a more explicit account of the transformation: Reply to comments on “An integrative review of the enjoyment of sadness associated with music”. Physics of Life Reviews 25: 156-166.
• Cespedes-Guevara, J. & Eerola, T. (2018). Music communicates affects, not basic emotions – A constructionist account of attribution of emotional meanings to music. Frontiers in Psychology 9: 215.
• Eerola, T., Jakubowski, K., Moran, N., Keller, P. & Clayton, M. (2018). Shared Periodic Performer Movements Coordinate Interactions in Duo Improvisations. Royal Society Open Science 5(2): 171520.
• Reybrouck, M., Eerola, T. & Podlipniak, P. (2018). Editorial: Music and the Functions of the Brain: Arousal, Emotions, and Pleasure. Frontiers in Psychology 9: 113.
• Hadley, L.V., Sturt, P., Eerola, T. & Pickering, M.J. (2018). Incremental comprehension of pitch relationships in written music: Evidence from eye movements. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71(1): 211-219.
• Bonneville-Roussy, A. & Eerola, T. (2018). Age trends in musical preferences in adulthood: 3. Perceived musical attributes as intrinsic determinants of preferences. Musicae Scientiae 22(3): 394-414.
• Eerola, T., Vuoskoski, J. K., Peltola, H.-R., Putkinen, V. & Schäfer, K. (2018). An Integrative Review of the Enjoyment of Sadness Associated with Music. Physics of Life Reviews 25: 100-121.
• Vuoskoski, J. K. & Eerola, T. (2017). Explaining the enjoyment of negative emotions evoked by the arts: The need to consider empathy and other underlying mechanisms of emotion induction. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 40: 42-43.
• Putkinen, V., Makkonen, T. & Eerola, T. (2017). Music-induced positive mood broadens the scope of auditory attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 12(7): 1159-1168.
• Jakubowski, Kelly, Eerola, Tuomas, Alborno, Paolo, Volpe, Gualtiero, Camurri, Antonio & Clayton, Martin (2017). Extracting Coarse Body Movements from Video in Music Performance: A Comparison of Automated Computer Vision Techniques with Motion Capture Data. Frontiers in Digital Humanities, section Digital Musicology 4: 9.
• Garrido, S., Eerola, T. & McFerran, K. (2017). Group Rumination: Social Interactions Around Music in People with Depression. Frontiers in Psychology 8: 490.
• Reybrouck, M. & Eerola, T. (2017). Music and Its Inductive Power: A Psychobiological and Evolutionary Approach to Musical Emotions. Frontiers in Psychology 8: 494.
• Vuoskoski, J. K. & Eerola, T. (2017). The Pleasure Evoked by Sad Music Is Mediated by Feelings of Being Moved. Frontiers in Psychology 8: 439.
• Pearce, M. T. & Eerola, T. (2017). Music perception in historical audiences: Towards predictive models of music perception in historical audiences. Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies 8(1-2): 91-120.
• Eerola, T. & Pearce, M. T. (2017). Modelling historical audiences: What can be inferred? Journal of Interdisciplinary Music Studies 8(1-2): 132-140.
• Eerola, T., Vuoskoski, J. K. & Kautiainen, H. (2016). Being Moved by Unfamiliar Sad Music Is Associated with High Empathy. Frontiers in Psychology 7: 1176.
• Eerola, T. (2016). Expectancy-Violation and Information-Theoretic Models of Melodic Complexity. Empirical Musicology Review 11(1): 2-17.
• Lahdelma, I. & Eerola, T. (2016). Mild dissonance preferred over consonance in single chord perception. i-Perception 7(3): 2041669516655812
• Eerola, T. & Peltola, H.-R. (2016). Memorable Experiences with Sad Music—Reasons, Reactions and Mechanisms of Three Types of Experiences. PLoS One 11(6): e0157444.
• Hausmann, M., Hodgetts, S. & Eerola, T. (2016). Music-induced changes in functional cerebral asymmetries. Brain and Cognition 104: 58-71.
• Brattico, E., Bogert, B., Alluri, V., Tervaniemi, M., Eerola, T. & Jacobsen, T. (2016). It’s sad but I like it: The neural dissociation between musical emotions and liking in experts and laypersons. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9: 676.
• Saari, Pasi, Fazekas, Gyorgy, Eerola, Tuomas, Barthet, Mathieu, Lartillot, Olivier & Sandler, Mark (2016). Genre-adaptive Semantic Computing and Audio-based Modelling for Music Mood Annotation. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 7(2): 122-135.
• Lahdelma, I. & Eerola, T. (2016). Single chords convey distinct emotional qualities to both naïve and expert listeners. Psychology of Music 44(1): 37-54.
• Eerola, T., Peltola, H.-R. & Vuoskoski, J. K. (2015). Attitudes toward sad music are related to both preferential and contextual strategies. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain 25(2): 116-123.
• Peltola, H. & Eerola, T. (2015). Fifty Shades of Blue: Classification of music-evoked sadness. Musicae Scientiae 20(1): 84-102.
• Lahdelma, I. & Eerola, T. (2015). Theoretical proposals how vertical harmony may convey nostalgia and longing in music. Empirical Musicology Review 10(3): 245-263.
• Juslin, P. N. Barradas, G. & Eerola, T. (2015). From Sound to Significance: Exploring the Mechanisms Underlying Emotional Reactions to Music. The American Journal of Psychology 128(3): 281-304.
• Saari, P. & Eerola, T. (2014). Semantic Computing of Moods Based on Tags in Social Media of Music. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 26(10): 2548-2560.
• Eerola, T. (2013). Review of Strong experiences with music: Music is much more than just music. Psychomusicology 23(1): 49-51.
• Eerola, P.-S. & Eerola, T. (2013). Extended Music Education Enhances the Quality of School Life. Music Education Research 16(1): 88-104.
• Laukka, P., Eerola, T., Thingujam, N. S., Yamasaki, T. & Beller, G. (2013). Universal and Culture-Specific Factors in the Recognition and Performance of Musical Emotions. Emotion 13(3): 434-449.
• Juslin, P. N., Harmat, L. & Eerola, T. (2013). What Makes Music Emotionally Significant? Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms. Psychology of Music 42(4): 599-623.
• Ferrer, R., Eerola, T. & Vuoskoski, J. K. (2013). Enhancing genre-based measures of music preference by user-defined liking and social tags. Psychology of Music 41(4): 499-518.
• Eerola, T., Friberg, A. & Bresin, R. (2013). Emotional Expression in Music: Contribution, Linearity, and Additivity of Primary Musical Cues. Frontiers in Psychology 4: 487.
• Vuoskoski, J. K. & Eerola, T. (2013). Extra-musical information contributes to emotions induced by music. Psychology of Music September.
• Vuoskoski, J. K. & Eerola, T. (2012). Can sad music really make you sad? Indirect measures of affective states induced by music and autobiographical memories. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts 6(3): 204-213.
• Vuoskoski, J. K., Thompson, B., McIlwain, D. & Eerola, T. (2012). Who enjoys listening to sad music and why? Music Perception 29(3): 311-317.
• Tuuri, K. & Eerola, T. (2012). Formulating a Revised Taxonomy for Modes of Listening. Journal of New Music Research 41(2): 137-152.
• Eerola, T. & Vuoskoski, J. K. (2012). A review of music and emotion studies: Approaches, emotion models and stimuli. Music Perception 30(3): 307-340.
• Eerola, T. (2012). Modeling Listeners' Emotional Response to Music. Topics in Cognitive Science 4(4): 607-624.
• Aho, M. & Eerola, T. (2012). Expressive Performance cues in Gypsy Swing Guitar Style. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies of Music 6(1): 1-21.
• Eerola, T., Ferrer, R. & Alluri, V. (2012). Timbre and affect dimensions: Evidence from affect and similarity ratings and acoustic correlates of isolated instrument sounds. Music Perception 30(1): 49-70.
• Eerola, T. (2012). Finnish Centre of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Music Research. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain 22(2): 180-182.
• Punkanen, M., Eerola, T. & Erkkilä, J. (2011). Biased emotional preferences in depression: Decreased liking of angry and energetic music by depressed patients. Music and Medicine 3(2): 114-120.
• Lamont, A. & Eerola, T. (2011). Music and emotion: Themes and development. Musicae Scientiae 15(2): 1-7.
• Eerola, Tuomas & Vuoskoski, Jonna K. (2011). A Comparison of the Discrete and Dimensional Models of Emotion in Music. Psychology of Music 39(1): 18-49.
• Kai Tuuri, Tuomas Eerola & Antti Pirhonen (2011). Design and evaluation of prosody-based non-speech audio feedback for physical training application. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 69: 741-757.
• Vuoskoski, J. K. & Eerola, T. (2011). The role of mood and personality in the perception of emotions represented by music. Cortex 47(9): 1099-1106.
• Vuoskoski, J. K. & Eerola, T. (2011). Measuring music-induced emotion: A comparison of emotion models, personality biases, and intensity of experiences. Musicae Scientiae 15(2): 159-173.
• Eerola, Tuomas (2011). Are the Emotions Expressed in Music Genre-specific? An Audio-based Evaluation of Datasets Spanning Classical, Film, Pop and Mixed Genres. Journal of New Music Research 40(4): 349-366.
• Saari, P., Eerola, T. & Lartillot, O. (2011). Generalizability and Simplicity as Criteria in Feature Selection: Application to Mood Classification in Music. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 19(6): 1802-1812.
• Punkanen, M., Eerola, T. & Erkkilä, J. (2011). Biased emotional recognition in depression: Perception of emotions in music by depressed patients. Journal of Affective Disorders 130: 118-126.
• Ferrer, R. & Eerola, T. (2011). Semantic Structures of Timbre Emerging From Social and Acoustic Descriptions of Music. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing 2011: 11.
• Eerola, Tuomas (2010). Analysing Emotions in Schubert’s Erlkönig: A Computational Approach. Music Analysis 29(1-3): 214-233.
• Zentner, Marcel & Eerola, Tuomas (2010). Rhythmic Engagement with Music in Infancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(13): 5768–5773.
• Eerola, T., Louhivuori, J. & Lebaka, E. (2009). Expectancy in North Sami yoiks revisited: the role of data-driven and schema-driven knowledge in the formation of melodic expectations. Musicae Scientiae 13(2): 39-70.
• Brattico, E., Pallesen, K., Varyagina, O., Anourova, I., Järvenpää, M., Eerola, T. & Tervaniemi, M. (2008). Neural discrimination of non-prototypical chords in music experts and laymen - An MEG study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21(11): 2230-2244.
• Lartillot, O., Toiviainen, P. & Eerola, T. (2008). Commentary on 'Comparative Analysis of Music Recordings from Western and Non-Western Traditions by Automatic Tonal Feature Extraction' by Emilia Gómez, and Perfecto Herrera. Empirical Musicology Review 3(3): 157-160.
• Eerola, Tuomas & Ferrer, Rafael (2008). Instrument Library (MUMS) Revised. Music Perception 25(3): 253-255.
• Eerola, T. & Bregman, M. (2007). Melodic and contextual similarity of folk song phrases. Musicae Scientiae Discussion Forum 4A-2007: 211-233.
• Toiviainen, P., Erkkilä, J., T., Eerola, G., Luck & Lartillot, O. (2007). Music cognition research amidst the boreal forest. Cognitive Processing 8: 57-62.
• Eerola, T., Himberg, T., Toiviainen, P. & Louhivuori, J. (2006). Perceived complexity of Western and African folk melodies by Western and African listeners. Psychology of Music 34: 341-375.
• Toiviainen, Petri & Eerola, Tuomas (2006). Autocorrelation in meter induction: The role of accent structure. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119(2): 1164-1170.
• Hannon, E., Snyder, J., Eerola, T. & Krumhansl, C. L. (2004). The role of melodic and temporal cues in perceiving musical meter. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 30: 956-974.
• Eerola, Tuomas, Järvinen, Topi, Louhivuori, Jukka & Toiviainen, Petri (2001). Statistical features and perceived similarity of folk melodies. Music Perception 18(3): 275-296.
• Krumhansl, Carol L., Toivanen, Pekka, Eerola, Tuomas, Toiviainen, Petri, Järvinen, Topi & Louhivuori, Jukka (2000). Cross-cultural music cognition: Cognitive methodology applied to North Sami yoiks. Cognition 76(1): 13-58.
• Krumhansl, Carol L., Louhivuori, Jukka, Toiviainen, Petri, Järvinen, Topi & Eerola, Tuomas (1999). Melodic expectation in Finnish spiritual folk hymns: Convergence of statistical, behavioral, and computational approaches. Music Perception 17(2): 151-195.