Staff profile

Personal webpage

Grant Ingram graduated from Durham University in 1997 on the first cohort of the then brand new MEng degree. After two years in the electricity supply industry working on power stations large and small he returned to Durham to complete a PhD sponsored by Rolls-Royce. Technology developed in conjunction with his work is now flying around in aeroplanes around the world.

Following the successful conclusion of his PhD, Grant spent a year working at Newcastle University before joining the School as Lecturer in September 2005.

Since then he has worked on two key areas of research: conventional turbomachinery and renewable devices. Both of these activities are approached from a fluid dynamics background with a focus on improving engineering designs and processes. 

Notable projects include work on axial flow turbine aerodynamics, his work on blade lean and profiled endwalls in turbomachinery won the PE Publishing Prize for the best paper published in the Journal of Power and Energy in 2008. Also on the conventional turbomachinery side he has conducted research on steam turbine diffusers and innovative sealing concepts for turbine applications. On the renewable side of his research he has also examined the starting process of both vertical and horizontal axis wind turbines and worked on applying fluid dynamics techniques to the real time thermal rating of power cables.

Research Interests

• Turbomachinery: axial flow turbines and compressors. Gas turbines, steam turbines and aeroengines. Profiled endwalls, three dimensional blading, secondary flow, diffusers and turbomachinery aerodynamics. 
• Wind turbines: horizontal and vertical axis turbines. Wind turbine startup, energy yield, aerodynamics. 
• Wind flow over terrain for real time thermal ratings. 

Teaching Activity

In 2009 Grant Ingram authored an electronic book entitled "Basic Concepts in Turbomachinery" which is a basic introduction to be read before more complex texts. This book is a free download. 

Within the School he has lectured at all levels on subjects including: Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Aeromechanics and Turbomachinery.

More recently as L4 Tutor he has prepared a series of on-line videos to supplement the course handbook and talks. These are available as a youtube channel. 

Authored book

• Ingram, G. (2009). Basic Concepts in Turbomachinery. Ventus Publishing ApS

Conference Paper

• Oslo, Norway, June 11–15, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-75835
• Abdelsalam, T. I., Williams, R., & Ingram, G. (2017). Exploiting modern image processing in surface flow visualisation. In Proceedings of the 1st Global Power and Propulsion Forum : GPPF 2017, Jan 16-18, 2017, Zurich, Switzerland (GPPF-2017)
• Montreal, Quebec, Canada, June 15–19, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42624
• Messenger, A., Williams, R., Ingram, G., Hogg, S., Tibos, S., & Seaton, J. (2015). A Dynamic Clearance Seal for Steam Turbine Application. In Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 15-19, 2015, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Volume 8: Microturbines, Turbochargers and Small Turbomachines; Steam Turbines. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43471
• Hawes, C., Williams, R., & Ingram, G. (2015). Investigating Endwall-Blade Fillet Radius Variation to Reduce Secondary Flow Losses. In Proceedings of 11th European Conference on Turbomachinery Fluid dynamics & Thermodynamics ETC11, March 23-27, 2015, Madrid, Spain (ETC2015-089)
• Mank, S., Duerrwaechter, L., Hilfer, M., Williams, R., Hogg, S., & Ingram, G. (2014). Secondary Flows and Fillet Radii in a Linear Turbine Cascade. In ASME Turbo Expo 2014 : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 16-20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25458
• Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. G. (2014). The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behaviour. In Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition 2014, June 16-20, 2014 : presented at The ASME 2014 Turbo Expo : Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition, June 16-20, 2014, Düsseldorf, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25461
• Greenwood, D., Ingram, G., Taylor, P., Collinson, A., & Brown, S. (2013). Network planning case study utilising real-time thermal ratings and computational fluid dynamics. In 22nd International conference and exhibition on electricity distribution (CIRED 2013) : 10-13 June 2013, Stockholm, Sweden ; proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2013.0941
• Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2013). A Novel Method of Coupling the Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and the Last Stage Blades Using the Non-Linear Harmonic Method. In Proceedings of the ASME turbo expo - Turbine technical conference and exposition 2013 : presented at the ASME 2013 turbo expo - Turbine technical conference and exposition, June 3-7, 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94184
• Auld, A., Hilfer, M., Hogg, S., Ingram, G., & Messenger, A. (2013). Application of an Air-Curtain Fluidic Jet Type Seal to Reduce Turbine Shroud Leakage. In Proceedings of the ASME turbo expo - Turbine technical conference and exposition 2013 : presented at the ASME 2013 turbo expo - Turbine technical conference and exposition, June 3-7, 2013, San Antonio, Texas, USA. https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94198
• Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2013). A Generic Steam Turbine Exhaust Diffuser with Tip Leakage Modelling and Non-Uniform Hood Outlet.
• Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2012). The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbines Self-Starting Capability: Flapping-Wing Perspective. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69075
• Förster, F., Sims-Williams, D., & Ingram, G. (2012). Reconstruction of the Unsteady Pressure Field in a Low Speed Linear Cascade. In ASME Turbo Expo 2012 : turbine technical conference and exposition (2653-2662). https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69156
• Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2012). A Generic Low Pressure Exhaust Diffuser for Steam Turbine Research. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68485
• Hilfer, M., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2012). Endwall Profiling With Tip Clearance Flows. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68488
• McIntosh, J., MacPherson, R., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2011). PROFILED ENDWALL DESIGN USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS WITH DIFFERENT OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45836
• Forster, F., Sims-Williams, D., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2011). Time resolved measurements in the Durham Cascade. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45838
• Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2011). THE EFFECTS OF IMPROVED STARTING CAPABILITY ON ENERGY YIELD FOR SMALL HAWTS.
• of Wind Turbine Blades. In The European Academy of Wind Energy
• Williams, R., Ingram, G., & Gregory-Smith, D. (2010). Large tip clearance flows in two compressor cascades. In ASME Turbo Expo 2010 : Power for land, sea and air, 14-18 June 2010, Glasgow ; proceedings (391-402). https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22952
• Snedden, G., Dunn, D., Ingram, G., & Gregory-Smith, D. (2010). The Performance of a Generic Non-Axisymmetric Endwall in a Single Stage, Rotating Turbine at On and Off-Design Conditions.
• MacPherson, R., & Ingram, G. (2010). Endwall Profile Design for the Durham Cascade using Genetic Algorithms.
• Airoldi, G., Bumby, J., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., Lim, C., Mahkamov, K., …Shannel, M. (2009). Air flow and heat transfer modeling of an axial flux permanent magnet generator.
• Lim, C., Airoldi, G., Bumby, J., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., Mahkamov, K., …Shannel, M. (2009). 2D lumped parameter model of axial flux permanent magnet generator: investiagations of convective thermal circuits.
• Snedden, G., Dunn, D., Ingram, G., & Gregory-Smith, D. (2009). The Application of Non-axisymmetric Endwall Contouring in a Single Stage, Rotating Turbine.
• Williams, R., Gregory-Smith, D., & Ingram, G. (2009). Large Tip Clearances and Highly Skewed Inlet Conditions. In F. Heitmeir, F. Martelli, & M. Manna (Eds.), 8th European Conference on Turbomachinery : fluid dynamics and thermodynamics (EUROTURBO 8), 23-27 March 2009, Graz, Austria ; proceedings (355-366)
• Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Atkins, W. (2009). Vorticity Development in Highly Loaded Cascade Blades. In F. Heitmeir, F. Martelli, & M. Manna (Eds.), 8th European Conference on Turbomachinery : fluid dynamics and thermodynamics (EUROTURBO 8), 23-27 March 2009, Graz, Austria ; proceedings (1277-1287)
• Williams, R., Gregory-Smith, D., He, L., & Ingram, G. (2008). Experiments and Computations on Large Tip Clearance Effects in a Linear Cascade. In ASME Turbo Expo 2008 : power for land, sea and air, 9-13 June 2008, Berlin, Germany ; proceedings (335-347). https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50557
• Gregory-Smith, D., Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., & Stokes, M. (2008). Using Profiled Endwalls, Blade Lean and Leading Edge Extensions to Minimize Secondary Flow. . https://doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-50811
• Lim, C., Brown, N., Bumby, J., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., Mahkamov, K., & Shanel, M. (2008). Lumped-Parameter Thermal Modelling of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Generators, International Conference on Electrical Machines.
• Airoldi, G., Brown, N., Bumby, J., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., Mahkamov, K., & Shanel, M. (2008). CFD Parametric Study on Ventilation of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Machines, International Conference on Electrical Machines.
• Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Stokes, M. (2006). A turbine cascade facility for secondary flow research.
• Dalton, J., & Ingram, G. (2005). Towards the provision of sustainable development by control of lifecycle design changes.
• Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Stokes, M. (2005). Experimental study of reverse compound lean in a linear turbine cascade.
• Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Harvey, N. (2004). Investigation of a Novel Secondary Flow Feature in a Turbine Cascade with End Wall Profiling.
• Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Harvey, N. (2003). Experimental Quantification of The Benefits of End-wall Profiling in a Turbine Cascade.
• Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., Rose, M., Harvey, N., & Brennan, G. (2002). The effect of end-wall profiling on secondary flow and loss development in a turbine cascade.

Doctoral Thesis

• Ingram, G. (2003). Endwall Profiling for the Reduction of Secondary Flow in Turbines. (Thesis). School of Engineering, Durham University. Retrieved from https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1618652

Journal Article

• MacCalman, J. A., Williams, R. J., Ingram, G. L., & Hogg, S. I. (2024). Using Fluid Curtains to Improve Sealing Performance in Turbomachinery Applications. Journal of Tribology, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4065264
• Ingram, G. L. (2023). Updating Turbomachinery Aerodynamics Teaching On an Undergraduate Course Using 3D Design Tools. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4064150
• Duffy, A., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2022). The Significance of Bypass Transition on the Annual Energy Production of an Offshore Wind Turbine. Wind Energy, 25(4), 772-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2697
• Hickling, T., & Ingram, G. (2020). Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes modelling in transonic S-ducts with passive flow control. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 234(1), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650919845765
• Du, L., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2019). Experimental study of the effects of turbine solidity, blade profile, pitch angle, surface roughness and aspect ratio on the H-Darrieus wind turbine self-starting and overall performance. Energy Science and Engineering, 7(6), 2421-2436. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.430
• Du, L., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2019). A review of H-Darrieus wind turbine aerodynamic research. Journal of mechanical engineering science, 233(23-24), 7590-7616. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406219885962
• Du, L., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. G. (2019). Time-accurate blade surface static pressure behaviour on a rotating H-Darrieus wind turbine. Wind Energy, 22(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2307
• Snedden, G., Dunn, D., & Ingram, G. (2018). On- and off-design performance of a model rotating turbine with non-axisymmetric endwall contouring and a comparison to cascade data. Aeronautical Journal, 122(1250), 646-665. https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.13
• Greenwood, D., Ingram, G., & Taylor, P. (2017). Applying Wind Simulations for Planning and Operation of Real-Time Thermal Ratings. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 8(2), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2488103
• Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G. L., & Dominy, R. G. (2016). The Physics of H-Darrieus Turbine Starting Behavior. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 138(6), https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4031870
• Cresswell, N., Dominy, R., & Ingram, G. (2015). The Impact of Diffuser Augmentation on a Tidal Stream Turbine. Ocean Engineering, 108, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.07.033
• Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2015). Efficient Methods for Predicting Low Pressure Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and Diffuser Flows at Design and Off-Design Conditions. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 137(8), https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4029599
• Greenwood, D. M., Gentle, J. P., Myers, K. S., Davison, P. J., West, I. J., Bush, J. W., …Troffaes, M. C. (2014). A Comparison of Real Time Thermal Rating Systems in the U.S. and the UK. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, 29(4), 1849-1858. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2299068
• Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2014). The influence of condenser pressure variation and tip leakage on low pressure steam turbine exhaust hood flows. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 228(4), 370-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650914524190
• Burton, Z., Hogg, S., & Ingram, G. (2014). The Influence of Inlet Asymmetry on Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood Flows. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 136(4), Article 042602. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4026003
• Burton, Z., Ingram, G., & Hogg, S. (2013). A Literature Review of Low Pressure Steam Turbine Exhaust Hood and Diffuser Studies. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 135(6), Article 062001. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4023611
• Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2013). Unsteady Surface Pressures and Airload of a Pitching Airfoil. Energy Procedia, 34, 407-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.769
• Greaves, P., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., Long, H., & Court, G. (2012). Evaluation of dual-axis fatigue testing of large wind turbine blades. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 226(7), 1693-1704. https://doi.org/10.1177/0954406211428013
• Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2012). Effects of Wind Turbine Starting Capability on Energy Yield. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 134(4), Article 042603. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4004741
• Worasinchai, S., Ingram, G., & Dominy, R. (2011). A low-Reynolds-number, high-angle-of-attack investigation of wind turbine aerofoils. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 225(6), 748-763. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957650911405411
• Lim, C., Airoldi, G., Bumby, J., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., Mahkamov, K., …Shanel, M. (2010). Experimental and CFD investigation of a lumped parameter thermal model of a single-sided, slotted axial flux generator. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 49(9), 1732-1741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.03.018
• Williams, R., Gregory-Smith, D., He, L., & Ingram, G. (2010). Experiments and Computations on Large Tip Clearance Effects in a Linear Cascade. Journal of Turbomachinery, 132(2), Article 021018. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3104611
• Hill, N., Dominy, R., Ingram, G., & Dominy, J. (2009). Darrieus turbines: the physics of self-starting. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 223(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe615
• Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Stokes, M. (2008). An experimental study of three-dimensional turbine blades combined with profiled endwalls. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 222(1), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe478
• Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., Stokes, M., & Harvey, N. (2008). The design of three-dimensional turbine blades combined with profiled endwalls. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 222(1), 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1243/09576509jpe477
• Ingram, G., & Gregory-Smith, D. (2006). An Instrumentation System for High Accuracy Measurements in a Low-cost Low-speed Cascade
• Bagshaw, D., Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Stokes, M. (2005). An experimental study of reverse compound lean in a linear turbine cascade. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 219(6), 443-449. https://doi.org/10.1243/095765005x31199
• Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Harvey, N. (2005). The benefits of turbine endwall profiling in a cascade. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 219(1), 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1243/095765005x6863
• Ingram, G., Gregory-Smith, D., & Harvey, N. (2005). Investigation of a novel secondary flow feature in a turbine cascade with end wall profiling. Journal of Turbomachinery, 127(1), 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1812321
• Gregory-Smith, D., Ingram, G., Jayaraman, P., Harvey, N., & Rose, M. (2001). Non-axisymmetric turbine end wall profiling. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy, 215(6), 721-734. https://doi.org/10.1243/0957650011539027