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School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences

Staff Profile

Dr RW Banks - all publications

Edited works: contributions

  • Banks R.W. (2005). The muscle spindle. In Peripheral Neuropathy. PJ Dyck & PK Thomas Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 131-150.
  • Banks R.W. & Barker, D (2004). The muscle spindle. In Myology. A Engel & C Franzini-Armstrong New York: McGraw-Hill. 3rd. edition: 489-509.
  • Banks, R. W. (1999). Cytological staining methods. In Modern techniques in neuroscience research. Windhorst, U. & Johansson, H. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 1-26.
  • Banks, R. W. (1999). Histological staining methods. In Modern techniques in neuroscience research. Windhorst, U. & Johansson, H. Berlin: Springer Verlag. 437-458.
  • Banks, R. W., Emonet-Denand, F., Gladden, M. H. & Sutherland, F. I. (1995). Evidence for static gamma innervation of long chain fibres. In Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems. Taylor, A., Gladden, M. H. & Durbaba, R. New York: Plenum Press. 216-218.
  • Scheepstra, K. A., Otten, E., Hulliger, M. & Banks, R. W. (1995). Modelling of chaotic and regular Ia afferent discharge during fusimotor stimulation. In Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems. Taylor, A., Gladden, M. H. & Durbaba, R. New York: Plenum Press. 325-327.
  • Banks, R. W., Hulliger, M., Scheepstra, K. A. & Otten, E. (1995). Pacemaker competition and the role of preterminal-branch tree architecture: a combined morphological, physiological and modelling study. In Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems. Taylor, A., Gladden, M. H. & Durbaba, R. New York: Plenum Press. 255-260.
  • Banks, R. W., Decorte, L., Emonet-Denand, F., Gladden, M. H. & Sutherland, F. (1995). The exceptional structure of muscle spindles in superficial lumbrical muscles of the cat hind limb. In Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems. Taylor, A., Gladden, M. H. & Durbaba, R. New York: Plenum Press. 208-209.
  • Banks, R. W., Emonet-Denand, F., Stacey, M. J. & Thiesson, D. (1995). The innervation of muscle spindles in an intrinsic muscle of the hind foot: the superficial lumbrical of the cat. In Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems. Taylor, A., Gladden, M. H. & Durbaba, R. New York: Plenum Press. 210-212.
  • Banks, R. W., Gladden, M. H., Sutherland, F. I. & Yoshimura, A. (1995). The sensory and motor innervation of the abductor digiti quinti medius muscle of the cat. In Alpha and Gamma Motor Systems. Taylor, A., Gladden, M. H. & Durbaba, R. New York: Plenum Press. 213-215.
  • Barker, D. & Banks, R. W. (1994). The muscle spindle. In Myology. Engel, A. & Franzini-Armstrong, C. New York: McGraw Hill. 333-360.
  • Banks, R. W. (1992). Studies on the motor innervation of the cat's muscle spindle. In Muscle afferents and spinal control of movement. Jami, L., Pierrot-Deseilligny, E. & Zytnicki, D. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 31-36.
  • Banks, R. W. & Barker, D. (1991). Neuronal specificites in the reinnervation of muscle spindles. In Plasticity of Motoneuronal Connections. Wernig, A. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 241-249.
  • Banks, R. W. & Stacey, M. J. (1988). Quantitative studies on mammalian muscle spindles and their sensory innervation. In Mechanoreceptors - Development, Structure and Function. Hnik, P., Soukup, T., Vejsada, R. & Zelena, J. New York: Plenum Press. 263-269.
  • Barker, D. & Banks, R. W. (1986). The muscle spindle. In Myology. Engel, A. & Banker, B. Q. New York: McGraw Hill. 309-341.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Stacey, M. J. (1985). On the classification of intrafusal motor endings. In The muscle spindle. Boyd, I. A. & Gladden, M. H. London: Macmillan. 69-74.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Stacey, M. J. (1981). Structural aspects of fusimotor effects on spindle sensitivity. In Muscle receptors and movement. Taylor, A. & Prochazka, A. London: Macmillan. 5-16.

Edited works: conference proceedings

  • Shenton, F. C., Bewick, G. S. & Banks, R. W. (2009). Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of ENaC subunits in the sensory endings of rat muscle spindles. Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.
  • Banks, R. W., Simon, A., Rowe, I. C. & Bewick, G. S (2009). P/Q type Ca2+ channels and KCa channels regulate afferent discharge frequency in spindle mechanosensory terminals. Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.
  • Simon, A., Banks, R. W. & Bewick, G. S. (2009). Stretch-activated rat muscle spindle afferent discharge is inhibited by ENaC and TRP channel modulators. Society for Neuroscience, Chicago, IL.
  • M Hulliger & R W Banks (2004). The relation between motor deficit and proprioceptive loss after large-fibre deafferentation by pyridoxine. 34th Annual Meeting, San Diego, Society for Neuroscience.
  • Banks, R. W., Hulliger, M., Otten, E. & Scheepstra, K. A. (1993). The Ia afferent of the muscle spindle as an example in the study of pacemaker interactions in branched myelinated axons, both model and real. XXXIInd Congress of the IUPS, Glasgow, IUPS.
  • Sabbagh, R., Banks, R. W. & Evans, P. R. (1991). Pectoral asymmetry in the broiler chicken. 23rd Poultry Science Symposium, Edinburgh.
  • Stacey, M. J., Banks, R. W. & Barker, D. (1986). Sensory reinnervation of cat muscle spindles after nerve section. XXXth IUPS Congress, Vancouver, BC. Canada, IUPS.

Journal papers: academic

  • Banks, Robert W. , Cahusac, PeterM. B., Graca, Anna Kain, Nakul, Shenton, Fiona , Singh, Paramjeet Nj°a, Arild, Simon, Anna Watson, Sonia, Slater, Clarke R. & Bewick, Guy S. (2013). Glutamatergic modulation of synaptic-like vesicle recycling in mechanosensory lanceolate nerve terminals of mammalian hair follicles. The Journal of Physiology 591(10): 2523-2540.
  • Simon, Anna., Shenton, Fiona., Hunter, Irene., Banks, Robert W. & Bewick, Guy S. (2010). Amiloride-sensitive channels are a major contributor to mechanotransduction in mammalian muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology 588(1): 171-185.
  • Banks, R. W., Hulliger, M., Saed, H. H. & Stacey, M. J. (2009). A comparative analysis of the encapsulated end-organs of mammalian skeletal muscles and of their sensory nerve endings. Journal of Anatomy 214(6): 859-887.
  • Hulliger, Manuel & Banks, Robert W. (2009). A method for the study of the effects of combining multiple pseudorandom fusimotor stimulation on the responses of muscle-spindle primary-ending afferents. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 178(1): 103-115.
  • Simon, A., Banks, R. W. & Bewick, G. S. (2008). Attenuation of stretch-activated discharge of rat muscle spindle afferents by ENaC channel inhibitors. Proceedings of the Physiological Society 10: 31P.
  • Banks, R. W. (2008). Comment on “Two enigmas in proprioception: Abundance and location of muscle spindles” by T. Kokkorogiannis. Brain Research Bulletin 75: 504-506.
  • Banks, R. W. (2006). An allometric analysis of the number of muscle spindles in mammalian skeletal muscles. Journal of Anatomy 208(6): 753-768.
  • Hulliger, M. & Banks, R. W. (2006). The relation between motor deficit and proprioceptiveloss after large-fibre sensory neuropathy. Gait & Posture 21: S61.
  • Bewick, Guy S., Reid, Brian, Richardson, Christine & Banks, Robert W. (2005). Autogenic modulation of mechanoreceptor excitability by glutamate release from synaptic-like vesicles: evidence from the rat muscle spindle primary sensory ending. Journal of Physiology 562(2): 381-394.
  • G S Bewick, R Duncan, W Eddie, C Maguire & R W Banks (2004). Glutamate-enhanced muscle spindle excitability – inhibition by PLD-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Journal of Physiology 557P: C91.
  • Banks, R.W., Bewick, G.S., Reid, B. & Richardson, C. (2002). Evidence for activity-dependent modulation of sensory-terminal excitability in spindles by glutamate release from synaptic-like vesicles. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 508: 13-18.
  • R W Banks & M Hulliger (2000). Cross-correlation analysis of the effects of combining multiple pseudo-random fusimotor inputs on the responses of muscle-spindle primary afferents in peroneus tertius of the anaesthetized cat. Journal of Physiology 527P: 135P.
  • Banks, R.W., Richardson, Christine & Bewick, G.S. (2000). Immunocytochemical demonstration of glutamate in the sensory terminals of rat muscle spindles. J. Physiol 528: 62P.
  • Bewick, Guy S., Reid, Brian & Banks, Robert W. (2000). Investigating the role of small clear vesicles in vertebrate mechanosensory endings using rat muscle spindles. J. Physiol 528: 62-63P.
  • M Hulliger, G M Bishop, R Tyson, G R Sutherland & R W Banks (2000). The effects of deafferentation on gait in the cat: sensorimotor syndrome and recovery. Journal of Physiology 525P: 8S.
  • Hulliger, M., Bishop, G. M., Tyson,, R., Sutherland, G. R. & Banks, R. W. (2000). The effects of deafferentation on gait in the cat: sensorimotor syndrome and recovery. Journal of Physiology 525: 8-9S.
  • Petit, J., Banks, R. W. & Laporte, Y. (1999). Testing the classification of static  axons using different patterns of random stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 81: 2823-2832.
  • Banks, R. W., Hulliger, M. & Scheepstra, K. A. (1998). Correlated histological and physiological observations on a case of common sensory output and motor input of the bag1 fibre and a chain fibre in a cat tenuissimus spindle. Journal of Anatomy 193: 373-381.
  • Banks, R. W. (1998). Histological evidence for multiple, occlusive encoding sites in cat tendon organs. Journal of Anatomy 192: 464.
  • Banks, R. W. (1998). On the number of spindles in mammalian muscles. Journal of Physiology 511: 69P.
  • Banks, R. W., Hulliger, M., Scheepstra, K. A. & Otten, E. (1997). Pacemaker activity in a sensory ending with multiple encoding sites: the cat muscle-spindle primary ending. Journal of Physiology 498: 177-199.
  • Hulliger, M., Banks, R. W. & Gemmill, J. F. (1996). A method for the study of the effects of combining multiple pseudorandom fusimotor inputs on the responses of muscle-spindle primary endings in peroneus tertius of the anaesthetized cat. Journal of Physiology 494: 71P.
  • Banks, R. W. & Emonet-Denand, F. (1996). Characteristic properties of superficial lumbrical spindles in the cat hind limb, related to their bag1 fibres. Journal of Anatomy 189: 65-71.
  • Eltarhouni, A. & Banks, R. W. (1995). The distribution of calretinin in muscle receptors of the cat. Journal of Physiology 487: 77P.
  • Banks, R. W. (1994). Intrafusal motor innervation: a quantitative histological analysis of tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat. Journal of Anatomy 185: 151-172.
  • Banks, R.W. (1994). The motor innervation of mammalian muscle spindles. Progress in Neurobiology 43: 323-362.
  • Barker, D., Banks, R. W. & Berry, R. B. (1993). Comparison of muscle-receptor recovery after nerve repairs using neural and non-neural grafts of two lengths. Neuro-Orthopedics 14: 57-66.
  • Banks, R. W. (1991). A quantitative histological analysis of the intrafusal motor innervation of the cat tenuissimus muscle. Journal of Physiology 438: 284P.
  • Banks, R. W. (1991). The distribution of static gamma axons in the tenuissimus muscle of the cat. Journal of Physiology 442: 489-512.
  • Banks, R. W. & Stacey, M. J. (1990). A quantitative analysis of the sensory innervation of cat tenuissimus muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology 429: 129P.
  • Adal, M. N. & Banks, R. W. (1990). Ultrastructural observations on native and foreign reinnervation of muscle spindles in relation to mechanosensory function in the anaesthetized cat. Journal of Physiology 420: 30P.
  • Banks, R. W. & Barker, D. (1989). Specificities of afferents reinnervating cat muscle spindles after nerve section. Journal of Physiology 408: 345-372.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D., Saed, H. H. & Stacey, M. J. (1988). Innervation of muscle spindles in rat deep masseter. Journal of Physiology 406: 161P.
  • Banks, R. W. (1988). On the motor innervation of cat tenuissimus muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology 406: 70P.
  • Banks, R. W. (1987). Responses to small-amplitude sinusoidal stretching of cat peroneus brevis muscle spindles reinnervated after nerve section. Journal of Physiology 391: 56P.
  • Banks, R. W. (1986). Observations on the primary sensory ending of tenuissimus muscle spindles in the cat. Cell and Tissue Research 246: 309-319.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Stacey, M. J. (1986). Regenerated sensory innervation of muscle receptors following nerve section. Neuroscience Letters 26: S565.
  • Banks, R. W. & Barker, D. (1986). Responses of cat muscle spindles reinnervated by afferents formerly terminating in tendon organs. Journal of Physiology 372: 24P.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Stacey, M. J. (1985). Form and classification of motor endings in mammalian muscle spindles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, series B 225: 195-212.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Brown, H. G. (1985). Sensory reinnervation of muscles following nerve section and suture in cats. Journal of Hand Surgery 10-B: 340-344.
  • Banks, R. W. (1984). On the attachment of elastic fibres in cat tenuissimus muscle sspindles. Journal of Physiology 348: 16P.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Stacey, M. J. (1984). Reinnervation of cat muscle spindles by foreign afferents after nerve section. Journal of Physiology 357: 21P.
  • Banks, R. W. (1983). A morphometric study of intrafusal motor endings in the cat. Journal of Physiology 341: 15-16P.
  • Banks, R. W. & Barker, D. (1983). Recovery of cat hindlimb muscle afferents following nerve section. Journal of Physiology 345: 97P.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Stacey, M. J. (1982). Form and distribution of sensory terminals in cat hind-limb muscle spindles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B 299: 329-364.
  • Banks, R. W. (1981). A histological study of the motor innervation of the cat's muscle spindle. Journal of Anatomy 133: 571-591.
  • Banks, R. W. (1981). On the form of the Z-disk in skeletal muscle of the rat. Journal of Anatomy 133: 157-159.
  • Banks, R. W., Ellaway. P. H. & Scott, J. J. (1981). Responses of de-efferented muscle spindles of peroneus brevis and tertius muscles in the cat. Journal of Physiology 310: 53P.
  • Banks, R. W. (1981). The number and distribution of satellite cells of intrafusal muscle fibres in a muscle spindle of the cat. Journal of Anatomy 133: 694.
  • Banks, R. W., Bessou, P., Joffroy, M. & Pages, B. (1979). Reflex responses of pools of gastrocnemius lateralis gamma-motoneurones elicited by ipsilateral sural nerve stimulation in the cat. Journal of Physiology 296: 107P.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Stacey, M. J. (1979). Sensory innervation of cat hind-limb muscle spindles. Journal of Physiology 293: 40-41P.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D., Bessou, P., Pages, B. & Stacey, M. J. (1978). Histological analysis of cat muscle spindles following direct observation of the effects of stimulating dynamic and static motor axons. Journal of Physiology 283: 605-619.
  • Contractor, S. F., Banks, R. W., Jones, C. J. P. & Fox, H. (1977). A possible role for placental lysosomes in the formation of villous syncitiotrophoblast. Cell and Tissue Research 178: 411-419.
  • Banks, R. W., Harker, D. W. & Stacey, M. J. (1977). A study of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres using a combined histochemical and ultrastructural technique. Journal of Anatomy 123: 783-796.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D. & Stacey, M. J. (1977). Intrafusal branching and distribution of primary and secondary afferents. Journal of Physiology 272: 66-67P.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D., Bessou, P., Pages, B. & Stacey, M. J. (1976). Serial-section analysis of cat muscle spindles following observations of the effects of stimulating dynamic fusimotor axons. Journal of Physiology 263: 180-181P.
  • Barker, D., Banks, R. W., Harker, D. W., Stacey, M. J. & Milburn, A. (1976). Studies of the histochemistry, ultrastructure, motor innervation and regeneration of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres. Progress in Brain Research 44: 66-88.
  • Banks, R. W., Barker, D., Harker, D. W. & Stacey, M. J. (1975). Correlation between ultrastructure and histochemistry of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres. Journal of Physiology 252: 16-17P.
  • Banks, R. W. & James, N. T. (1975). Quantitative studies on the distribution of myofilaments in intrafusal muscle fibres. Cell and Tissue Research 150: 521-527.
  • Banks, R. W. & james, N. T. (1975). Rabbit intrafusal muscle fibres. Journal of Anatomy 119: 193.
  • Banks, R. W. & James, N. T. (1973). The blood supply of rabbit muscle spindles. Journal of Anatomy 114: 7-12.
  • Banks, R. W. & James, N. T. (1973). The fine structure of the guinea-pig muscle spindle. Zeitschrift fur Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie 140: 357-368.
  • Banks, R. W. (1971). Histochemical studies on rabbit intrafusal fibres. Journal of Anatomy 108: 613-614.
  • Banks, R. W. & James, N. T. (1971). The fine structure of the guinea-pig muscle spindle. Journal of Anatomy 110: 161-162.