About three-quarters of the British population was working-class in 1900. Marx had claimed in the Communist Manifesto that modern industrial labour would strip the proletarian of "every trace of national character." It manifestly did not. Most of the labour movement supported the nation-state in five major wars in our period: the Boer War, the Great War, the Second World War, the Korean War and the Falklands War. Why did it do so? Because it was myopic, or misled? Or because, although war meant hardship, it also meant the possibility of political, industrial, social and cultural gains? How did other classes view such gains, especially if they were, or felt themselves to be, losers?

Above all, how should we account for the differing outcomes after the two world wars. The inter-war period saw Conservative hegemony, 'retrenchment', industrial militancy followed by mass unemployment, and anxiety about extremism. Labour failed to hold on to the gains it had made during the war. By contrast, after 1945, Labour ruled, a welfare state was created and governments committed themselves to maintaining full employment. How, and when, did this become possible? Was it a desirable outcome?

Finally, when, how and why was the 1945 settlement dismantled? Was it the casualty of social and cultural change in the 1950s and 1960s, of economic change in the 1970s, or political action in the 1980s?

1. Two coursework essays of 2,000 words each (30% of the mark).
2. Two-hour unseen final examination (70% of the mark).

You will have two pieces of work to complete in the course of the year.

i. End of Michaelmas Term
An assessed essay on topics considered in the lectures and seminars. Your ten-minute presentations in seminars are a preparation for this essay.

ii. End of Epiphany Term
An assessed essay on topics considered in the lectures and seminars. Your ten-minute presentations in seminars are a preparation for this essay.

A two-hour examination in Easter term. You have to answer two out of the ten questions.

Lectures are on Fridays at 9.00 in ER 147. There is a lecture a week in Michaelmas and Epiphany terms, and for the first two weeks of Easter term.

We will cover the areas listed below. You should note that some topics will take more than one lecture.

P. Johnson (ed.) Twentieth-Century Britain: Economic, Social and Cultural Change (Longman, 1994)
M. Pugh State and Society: A Social and Political History of Britain 1870-1997 (2nd. edn. 1999)
A. Marwick A History of the Modern British Isles 1914-1999 (Blackwell Publishers, 2000)
G.J. DeGroot Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War (Longman, 1998)
P. Thane The Foundations of the Welfare State (Longman, 1982)
R. Lowe The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 (Macmillan, 2^nd. edn., 1999)

E. Royle Modern Britain: A Social History 1750-1985 (1987)
A. Thorpe The Longman Companion to Britain in the Era of the Two World Wars 1914-45 (1994)
J. Davis A History of Britain, 1885-1939 (1999)
M. Pugh The Making of Modern British Politics, 1867-1939 (1982)
F. M. L. Thompson (ed.) The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950 (3 volumes, 1990)
J.Harris Private Lives, Public Spirit: A Social History of Britain 1870-1914 (1993)
C.L. Mowat Britain between the War, 1918-1940 (1955)
S. Glynn and J. Oxborrow Interwar Britain (1976)
R.I. McKibbin The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain 1880-1950 (1990)
R.I. McKibbin Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951 (Oxford, 1998)
W. G. Runciman Relative Deprivation and Social Justice (1966)
A. H. Halsey Change in British Society (latest edition)
A. H. Halsey (ed.) British Social Trends Since 1900 (1988)
R.M. Titmuss 'War and Social Policy' in Essays on The Welfare State (2nd. edn. 1963)
C. MacDonald Britain and the Korean War (1990)
L. Freedman Britain and the Falklands War (1988)

COURSEWORK READING
*** = key items, which are in the Library Reserve

S. Pollard Britain's Prime and Britain's Decline: The British Economy 1870-1914
H.Perkin The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (1988)
F. Bedarida A Social History of England 1851-1975 (1979)
*** J. Harris Private Lives, Public Spirit: A Social History of Britain 1870-1914 (1993)
*** A.J. Reid Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain 1850-1914 (1990)
P. Johnson 'Class Law in Victorian England' Past and Present (1993)
F.M. Turner The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (1981)
*** S. Low The Governance of England (1904) ch. 10 'The Limitations of Democracy'
W.L.Arnstein 'The Survival of the Victorian Aristocracy' in F.C. Jaher (ed.) The Rich, the Well-born and the Powerful: Elites and Upper Classes in History (1973)
J. Garrard Leadership and Power in Victorian Industrial Towns 1830-1880 (1983)
W.D. Rubinstein Britain's Century: A Political and Social History 1815-1905 (1998)

i. "It was only skilled workers who ever achieved satisfaction in their work". Is this so?

ii. How far was the 'solidarity' of the workforce undermined by workplace hierarchies?

*** S. Meacham A Life Apart: The English Working Class 1890-1914 (1977)
*** R. Price Labour in British Society (1986) esp. chs.4-5
R. Price 'The Labour Process and Labour History' Social History (1983)
P. Joyce 'Labour, Capital and Compromise' Social History (1984)
E.H. Hunt British Labour History 1815-1914
W. Hamish Fraser A History of British Trade Unionism 1700-1998 (1999)
Neville Kirk Change, Continuity and Class: Labour in British Society, 1850-1920 (1998)
Boyer 'What Did Unions Do in Nineteenth-Century Britain?' Journal of Economic History (1988)
*** P. Joyce (ed.) The Historical Meanings of Work (1987)
C. More Skill and the English Working Class 1870-1914
A. Fox History and Heritage: The Social Origins of the British Industrial Relations System (1985)
R.Q. Gray The Aristocracy of Labour in Nineteenth-Century Britain
*** E.J. Hobsbawm Worlds of Labour (1984) chs. 10-13; reviewed by A. Reid 'Class and Organization' Historical Journal 30 (1987)
G. Stedman Jones 'Working-class Culture and Working-Class Politics in London 1870-1900: Notes on the Remaking of a Working Class' Journal of Social History (1974). Also in his Languages of Class
A.J. Reid Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain 1850-1914 (1990)

i. Does the history of immigration between 1870 and 1914 support the idea of Britain as a tolerant society?
ii. Was anti-semitism economic in origin?

*** C. Holmes John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society 1871-1971 (1988)
*** J.A. Garrard The English and Immigration (1971)
B. Gainer The Alien Invasion: The Origins of the Aliens Act of 1905 (1972) esp. chs. 8-9
*** C. Holmes Antisemitism in British Society 1876-1939 (1979)
*** D. Feldman 'Review Article: Immigrants and Minorities in Britain' Historical Journal (1983)
S. Fielding Class and Ethnicity: Irish Catholics in England 1880-1939 (1993)
P. Panayi Immigration, Ethnicity and Racism in Britain 1815-1945 (1994)
P. Panayi Racial Violence in Britain 1840-1950 (1993)

i. "Few historians or sociologists have seriously doubted that modern cities represent the ultimate environmental challenge to popular religious adherence and faith". Is this assumption borne out in the period 1870-1914?
ii. How useful is the notion of 'secularisation' in understanding the religious experience of late Victorian and Edwardian England?

S. Bruce (ed.) Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (1992)
*** A.D. Gilbert Religion and Society in Industrial England (1976)
*** A.D. Gilbert The Making of Post-Christian Britain (1980)
H. McLeod 'Class, Community and Region: The Religious Geography of Nineteenth-century England' in M.M. Hill (ed.) Sociological Yearbook of Religion in Britain 3 (1974)
J. Obelkevich 'Religion' in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.) The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950 Vol. III (1990)
*** H. McLeod Religion and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Britain (1984)
H. McLeod (ed.) Religion in the Age of Great Cities 1830-1939 (1995) esp.intro. and part 2
*** J. Cox The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth 1870-1930 (1982)
S. Budd Varieties of Unbelief: Atheists and Agnostics in English Society (1977) chs. 5-7
W.S.F. Pickering 'The Persistence of Rites of Passage' British Journal of Sociology (1974)

i. Why did the Boer War provoke so much concern about physical and mental deterioration?
ii. Was 'National Efficiency' ever more than a slogan?

T. Pakenham The Boer War (1979)
*** R. Price An Imperial War and the British Working Class: Working-class Reactions to the Boer War 1899-1902 (1972)
J.M. Mackenzie Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion 1880-1960 (1984)
J.M. Mackenzie (ed.) Imperialism and Popular Culture
J.A. Hobson The Psychology of Jingoism (1901)
B. Semmel Imperialism and Social Reform (1960)
*** G.R. Searle The Quest for National Efficiency (1971)
*** G. Jones Social Darwinism and English Thought (1980)
*** R. Soloway 'Counting the Degenerates: Statistics of Race Degeneration in Edwardian England' Journal of Contemporary History (1982)
M. Freeden The New Liberalism (1978); reviewed by R.I. McKibbin English Historical Review 94 (1979)
J.R. Hay The Origins of the Liberal Welfare Reforms (1975)
J. Harris 'The Transition to High Politics in Social Policy' in M. Bentley and J. Stevenson (eds.) High and Low Politics in Modern Britain

i. In what ways did social investigators add to understanding of poverty and working-class life between 1870 and 1914?
ii. How far was working-class poverty due to working-class 'mismanagement' of money?

D. Vincent Poor Citizens: The State and the Poor in Twentieth-century Britain (1991)
Alan Kidd State, Society and the Poor in Nineteenth-century England (1999)
*** E.P. Hennock 'The Measurement of Urban Poverty: from the Metropolis to the Nation' Economic History Review (1987)
*** R.I. McKibbin 'Class and Poverty in Edwardian England' in his The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain 1880-1950 (1990)
P. Johnson 'Credit and Thrift and the British Working Class 1870-1939' in J.M. Winter (ed.) The Working Class in Modern British History (1983)
T.S. and M. Simey Charles Booth: Social Scientist (1960)
*** B.S. Rowntree Poverty: A Study of Town Life (1901) esp. chs. 4-5 and 9
A. Briggs Social Thought and Social Action: A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree 1871-1954 (1961)
K. Williams From Pauperism to Poverty (1981) chs. on Booth and Rowntree
J.H. Veit-Wilson 'Paradigms of Poverty: A Rehabilitation of B.S. Rowntree' Journal of Social Policy (1986)
*** Lady F. Bell At the Works (1907)
A. Kidd State, Society and the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England (1999)
C.L. Mowat The Charity Organisation Society: Its Ideas and Work (1961)
M.J. Moore 'Social Work and Social Welfare 1900-1914' Journal of British Studies 16 (1977)
D. Englander and R. O'Day (eds.) Retrieved Riches: Social Investigation in Britain 1840-1914 (1995)

i. Why was married women's work so controversial before 1914?
ii. Why were there so many anxieties concering working-class childhood and youth before 1914?

*** J. Lewis Women in England 1870-1950
W. Seccombe 'Starting to Stop: Working-class Fertility Decline in Britain' Past and Present (1990)
A. Davin Growing Up Poor: Home, School and Street in London 1870-1914 (1996)
*** A. Davin 'Imperialism and Motherhood' History Workshop Journal 5 (1978)
J. Bourke 'Housewifery in Working-class England 1860-1914' Past and Present (1994)
E. Ross 'Survival Networks: Women's Neighbourhood Sharing in London Before World War One' History Workshop Journal 15 (1983)
E. Ross Love and Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London (1993)
Lady F. Bell At The Works (1907)
M. Llewelyn Davies (ed.) Maternity: Letters from Working Women
M. Llewelyn Davies (ed.) Life As We Have Known It, By Co-operative Working Women (1931/ repr 1977)
E. Roberts A Woman's Place: An Oral History of Working-class Women 1890-1940
*** E. Roberts Women's Work (1988)
*** H. Hendrick Images of Youth: Age, Class and the Male Youth Problem (1990)
H. Hendrick Children, Childhood and English Society 1880-1990 (1997)
J. Gillis 'The Evolution of Juvenile Delinquency in England 1890-1914' Past and Present (1975)
S. Humphries Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-class Childhood and Youth 1889-1939 (1981)

i. How did perspectives on the problems of city life change between 1870 and 1914?
ii. Was state direction of town planning inevitable?

*** P.J. Waller Town, City and Nation: England 1850-1914 (1983)
R.J. Morris and R. Rodger (eds.) The Victorian City 1820-1914 (1993)
*** W. Ashworth The Genesis of Modern British Town Planning (1954)
G.E. Cherry (ed.) Pioneers in British Planning (1981)
A. Sutcliffe Towards the Planned City (1981)
H.J. Dyos Victorian Suburb (1961)
*** C.F.G. Masterman The Condition of England (1909) ch. 3 'The Suburbans'
R. Rodger Housing in Urban Britain 1780-1914 (1989)
J. Burnett A Social History of Housing 1815-1970 (1978)
M.J. Daunton A Property-Owning Democracy? (1987)
D. Englander Landlord and Tenant in Urban Britain 1838-1918 (1983)
M. Swenarton Homes Fit For Heroes (1981)

i. Was there an 'Edwardian crisis'?
ii. Does Edwardian labour unrest indicate a radicalised working class?

*** G. Dangerfield The Strange Death of Liberal England (1936)
*** R. Holton British Syndicalism 1900-14 (1976)
W.J. Mommsen and H-G. Husung (eds.) The Development of Trade Unionism in Britain and Germany (1985) essay by R. Holton
R. Church 'Edwardian Labour Unrest and Coalfield Militancy 1890-1914' Historical Journal (1987)
R. Currie Industrial Politics (1979) chs. 2-3
*** H. Pelling 'The Labour Unrest 1911-14' in his Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1968)
G. Phillips 'The Triple Industrial Alliance in 1914' Economic History Review (1971)
*** S. Meacham '"The Sense of An Impending Clash": English Working-class Unrest Before the First World War' American Historical Review 77 (1972)
P. Thane 'The Working Class and State Welfare in Britain 1880-1914' Historical Journal (1984)
N. Blewett The Peers, the Party and the People (1972)

i. Did the First World War have a permanent impact on social welfare?
ii. Which groups benefitted most from social reforms during the First World War?

*** A. Marwick The Deluge (1966)
A. Marwick 'The Impact of the First World War on British Society' Journal of Contemporary History 3 (1968)
M. Ferro The Great War 1914-1918 (1973)
J. Turner (ed.) Britain and the First World War (1988)
*** Gerard J. DeGroot Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War (1996)
S. Constantine, M.W. Kirby & M.B. Rose (eds.) The First World War in British History (1995)
N. Ferguson The Pity of War (1998)
J.M. Bourne Britain and the Great War 1914-18 (1987)
J.M. Winter The Great War and the British People (1985)
*** J.M. Winter 'The Impact of the First World War on Civilian Health in Britain' Economic History Review (1977)
A.L. Bowley Some Economic Consequences of the Great War (1930)
A.S. Milward The Economic Effects of the Two World Wars on Britain (1970)

i. What was the impact of the First World War on the class structure?
ii . Was the role of the state fudamentally changed by the First World War?

*** B. Waites A Class Society at War: England 1914-1918 (1987)
*** B. Waites 'The Impact of the First World War on Class and Status in England' Journal of Contemporary History (1977)
A. Reid 'World War One and the Working Class in Britain' in A. Marwick (ed.) Total War and Social Change (1988)
*** Gerard J. DeGroot Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War (1996)
S. Constantine, M.W. Kirby & M.B. Rose (eds.) The First World War in British History (1995)
John Turner (ed.) Britain and the First World War (1988)
N. Ferguson The Pity of War (1998)
*** K. Burk (ed.) War and the State (1982)
J.M. Winter Socialism and the Challenge of War
Neville Kirk Change, Continuity and Class: Labour in British Society, 1850-1920 (1998)
G. Braybon Women Workers in the First World War (1981)
J. Vellacott 'Feminist Consciousness and the First World War' History Workshop Journal (1987)
P. Abrams 'The Failure of Social Reform 1918-1920' Past and Present (1963)
N. Whiteside 'Welfare Legislation and the Unions during the First World War' Historical Journal (1970)
*** R. Lowe 'The Erosion of State Intervention in Britain 1917-24' Economic History Review 31 (1978)
K.O. Morgan Consensus and Disunity: The Lloyd George Coalition 1918-22 (1979)

i. Was the monarchy strengthened or weakened by war?
ii. Can we speak of the First World War having a profound psychological impact on the population?

T. Bogacz 'War Neurosis and Cultural Change in England 1914-22: The Work of the War Office Enquiry into Shell-Shock' Journal of Contemporary History (1989)
J. Bourke Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain, and the Great War (1996)
*** P. Fussell The Great War and Modern Memory (1975)
M. Eksteins The Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (1989)
S. Hynes A War Imagined (1990)
J.M. Winter Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (1995)
K.S. Inglis 'The Homecoming: The War memorial Movement in Cambridge, England' Journal of Contemporary History 27 (1992)
J. Bartlett & K.M. Ellis 'Remembering the Dead in Northop: First World War Memorials in a Welsh Parish' Journal of Contemporary History 34 (1999)
A. Gregory The Silence of Memory: Armistice Day 1919-1946 (1994)
R.M. Bracco Merchants of Hope: British Middlebrow Writers and the First World War (1993)
Sebastian Faulks Birdsong (1993)
Pat Barker The Ghost Road (1995)
R. van Emden & S. Humphries Veterans: The Last Survivors of the Great War (1998)
V. Bogdanor The Monarchy and the Constitution (1995)
*** K. Martin The Crown and The Establishment (1963)
P. Ziegler Crown and People (1978)
A. Taylor & L. Trainor 'Monarchism and Anti-Monarchism: Anglo-Australian Comparisons c.1870-1901' Social History 24 (1999)
J.S. Ellis 'Reconciling the Celt: British National Identity, Empire, and the 1911 Investiture of the Prince of Wales' Journal of British Studies 37 (1998)
F. Prochaska 'George V and Republicanism, 1917-1919' Twentieth Century British History 10 (1999)
F. Prochaska Royal Bounty: The Making of A Welfare Monarchy (1995)
*** D. Cannadine 'The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the "Invention of Tradition", c.1820-1977' in E.J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.) The Invention of Tradition (1983) pp.101-164
T. Nairn 'Britain's Royal Romance' in R. Samuel (ed.) Patriotism Vol. III (1989)
H. Jennings & C. Madge (eds.) May the Twelfth: Mass-Observation Day-Surveys 1937 (1987)
E. Shils and M. Young 'The Meaning of the Coronation' Sociological Review 1 (1953)
C. Brace 'Finding England Everywhere: Regional Identity and the Construction of Naitonal Identity, 1890-1940' Ecumene 6 (1999)
*** J.M. Mackenzie Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion 1880-1960 (1984)
J.M. Mackenzie (ed.) Imperialism and Popular Culture

i. Could the General Strike have been avoided?
ii. How and why was political extremism contained in England in the inter-war period?

W. G. Runciman Relative Deprivation and Social Justice (1966)
*** G.A. Phillips The General Strike
J. Skelley (ed.) The General Strike 1926
A. Mason The General Strike in the North East
*** A.J. Reid and S. Tolliday 'Review Article: The General Strike, 1926' Historical Journal 20 (1977)
G.W. McDonald and H.F. Gospel 'The Mond-Turner Talks 1927-1933: A Study in Industrial Co-operation' Historical Journal 16 (1973)
J. Morgan Conflict and Order: The Police and Labour Disputes in England and Wales 1900-1939
W. Kendall The Revolutionary Movement in Britain 1900-21
S. MacIntyre A Proletarian Science: Marxism in Britain 1917-1933 (1980)
N. Branson History of the Communist Party of Great Britain 1927-1941 (1985)
J. Jupp The Radical Left in Britain 1931-41 (1982)
R. Skidelsky Oswald Mosley (1975)
R. Thurlow Fascism in Britain 1918-1985 (1987)
G. Webber 'Patterns of Membership and Support for the British Union of Fascists' Journal of Contemporary History 19 (1984)
R. Griffiths Fellow Travellers of the Right (1983)
*** A. Thorpe (ed.) The Failure of Political Extremism in Interwar Britain (1988)
*** R.A.C. Parker 'British Rearmament 1936-1939: Treasury, Trade Unions and Skilled Labour' English Historical Review (1981)

i. Why were the unemployed politically apathetic?
ii. How important was 'the dole' in maintaining social peace?

*** S. Constantine Unemployment in Britain between the Wars (1980)
K. Nicholas The Social Effects of Unemployment on Teeside 1919-39 (1986)
S. Glynn and J. Oxborrow Interwar Britain (1976)
*** S. MacIntyre Little Moscows: Communism and Working-class Militancy in Inter-war Britain (1980)
J. Stevenson and C. Cook Britain in the Depression: Society and Politics 1929-39 (1994)
P. Thane The Foundations of the Welfare State
A. Deacon In Search of the Scrounger
F.M. Miller 'The British Unemployment Assistance Crisis of 1935' Journal of Contemporary History 14 (1979)
M. Turnbull 'Attitude of Government and Administration towards the "Hunger Marches" of the 1920s and 1930s' Journal of Social Policy 2 (1973)
C. Webster 'Healthy or Hungry Thirties?' History Workshop Journal 13 (1982)
C. Webster 'Health, Welfare and Unemployment during the Depression' Past and Present 109
*** R.I. McKibbin 'The "Social Psychology" of Unemployment in Interwar Britain' in The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain 1880-1950 (1990)
P. Fryer and P. Ullah (eds.) Unemployed People: Social and Psychological Perspectives (1987) esp. the essay by M. Jahoda
*** E. Wight Bakke The Unemployed Man (1933)
H.L. Beales and R.S. Lambert (eds.) The Memoirs of the Unemployed (1934)
Pilgrim Trust Men Without Work (1938)
G. Orwell The Road to Wigan Pier (1937)

i. Was state housing an 'insurance against revolution'?
ii. Account for the rise of owner-occupation after 1918.

*** M. Swenarton Homes Fit For Heroes: The Politics and Architecture of State Housing in Britain (1981)
*** R. Lowe The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 (2^nd. edn., 1999) ch.9 'Housing'
P. Wilding 'The Housing and Town Planning Act of 1919: A Study in the Making of Social Policy' Journal of Social Policy 2 (1973)
*** M.J. Daunton (ed.) Councillors and Tenants: Local Authority Housing in English Cities 1919-1939 (1984)
*** M.J. Daunton A Property-Owning Democracy? (1987)
*** M. Swenarton and S. Taylor 'The Scale and Nature of the Growth of Owner-occupation in Britain between the Wars' Economic History Review 38 (1985)
S. Merrett Owner Occupation in Britain (1982)

*** H. Cunningham 'Leisure and Culture' in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.) The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950 Vol. II (1990)
J. Benson The Rise of a Consumer Society in Britain 1880-1980 (1994)
J. Walvin Leisure and Society 1830-1950 (1978)
R. Roberts The Classic Slum (1971) chs. 3, 8
*** R. Holt Sport and the British: A Modern History (1989)
T. Mason (ed.) Sport in Britain: A Social History (1989)
N. Fishwick English Football and Society 1910-1950 (1989)
S.G. Jones Workers at Play: A Social and Economic History of Leisure 1918-39 (1987)
R.I. McKibbin Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain 1880-1950 (1990) 'Working-class Gambling in Britain' and 'Work and Hobbies in Britain 1880-1950'
R.I. McKibbin Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951 (Oxford, 1998)
J. McAleer Popular Reading and Publishing in Britain 1914-1950 (1992)
N. Beauman A Very Great Profession: The Woman's Novel 1914-1939 (1983)
*** D.L. Lemahieu A Culture for Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultivated Mind in Britain between the Wars (1988)
P. Scannell and D. Cardiff A Social History of British Broadcasting Vol. I 1922-1939 Serving the Nation (1991)
J. Richards The Age of the Dream Palace: Cinema and Society in Britain 1930-1939 (1984)
J. Richards and D. Sheridan (eds.) Mass-Observation at the Movies (1987)
Mass-Observation The Pub and the People: A Worktown Study (1943/1987)
T. Harrisson & C. Madge (eds.) Britain by Mass-Observation (1939/1986)
*** H. Durant The Problem of Leisure (1937)

i. Did the presence of American troops in Britain during the Second World War allay or exacerbate concerns about 'Americanisation'?
ii. "The general consensus of opinion seems to be that the only American soldiers with decent manners are the Negroes" (George Orwell, 3 December 1943). Why, then, was there so much concern about coloured troops?

*** D. Reynolds Rich Relations: The American Occupation of Britain 1942-1945
A. Calder The People's War: Britain 1939-1945 (1971)
J. Gardiner 'Over Here': The G.I.s in Wartime Britain
*** G. Smith When Jim Crow Met John Bull: Black American Soldiers in Britain during World War II
P. Fussell Wartime: Understanding and Behaviour in the Second World War (1989)
*** R.I. McKibbin Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951 (Oxford, 1998)
P. Cohen-Portheim The Discovery of Europe (1932)
J.B. Priestley English Journey (1934)

i. Why was the Beveridge Report so popular?
ii. Why was the Churchill Coalition so unwilling to commit itslef to the Beveridge principles?

*** R.M. Titmuss 'War and Social Policy' in Essays on The Welfare State (2nd. edn. 1963)
*** P. Thane The Foundations of the Welfare State (1982)
*** R. Lowe The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 (2^nd. edn., 1999) chs.4-6
D. Gladstone The Twentieth-Century Welfare State (1999) esp. ch.2 'Creation'
A. Digby British Welfare Policy: Workhouse to Workfare (1989)
N. Timmins The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State (1995)
R.M. Page and R. Silburn (eds.) British Social Welfare in the Twentieth Century (1999)
*** J. Harris William Beveridge: A Biography (1977) esp. chs. 16-17
J. Harris 'Social Planning in War-Time: Some Aspects of the Beveridge Report' in J.M. Winter (ed.) War and Economic Development (1975)
*** J. Harris 'Social Policy in Britain during the Second World War' in W.J. Mommsen (ed.) The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany (1981)
J. Harris 'Did British Workers Want the Welfare State? G.D.H. Cole's Survey of 1942' in J.M. Winter (ed.) The Working Class in Modern British History (1983)
P. Addison The Road to 1945 (1975; 2nd. edn. 1993) new introduction and chs. 9-10. Discussed in Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History No. 34
K. Jeffreys 'British Politics and Social Policy during the Second World War' Historical Journal 30 (1987)
S. Fielding 'What Did 'The People' Want? The Meaning of the 1945 General Election' Historical Journal (1992)
J.C. Hess 'The Social Policy of the Attlee Government' in W.J. Mommsen (ed.) The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany (1981)
D. Barnes and E. Reid 'A New Relationship: Trade Unions in the Second World War' in B. Pimlott and C. Cook (eds.) Trade Unions in British Politics (1982)
A. Thorpe 'Britain' in J. Noakes (ed.) The Civilian in War (1992)
Tom Harrisson Living Through the Blitz (1976)

i. What impact did the Second World War have on the status of women?

*** H.L. Smith 'The Effect of the War on the Status of Women' in H.L. Smith (ed.) War and Social Change: British Society in the Second World War (1986)
*** P. Summerfield Women Workers in the Second World War (1989)
*** Mass-Observation War Factory (1943; Cresset Library, 1987)
S. Rowbotham A Century of Women: The History of Women in Britain and the United States (1997) ch.5
J. Lewis Women in England, 1870-1950 (1984)
J. Lewis Women in Britain since 1945: Women, Family, Work and the State in the Post-war Years (1992)
*** G. Braybon and P. Summerfield Out of the Cage: Women's Experiences of Two World Wars (1987)
M. Higonnet, J. Jenson, S. Michel and M.C. Weitz Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars chs.14-16
E. Roberts Women and Families: An Oral History 1940-1970 (1995)
J. Waller and M. Vaughan-Rees Women in Uniform, 1939-45 (1989)
J. Costello Love, Sex and War, 1939-45 (1986)
H.L. Smith (ed.) British Feminism in the Twentieth Century (1990)
M. Pugh Women and the Women's Movement in Britain, 1914-1959 (1992)
D. Sheridan (ed.) Among You Taking Notes: The Wartime Diaries of Naomi Mitchison, 1939-45 (1985)
Tom Harrisson Living Through the Blitz (1976)
M. Spring Rice Working-Cass Wives (1939)

i. Was the 'affluent worker' of the 1950s and 1960s essentially middle-class?
ii. Why did the re-discovery of poverty in the 1960s coincide with theories of embourgeoisement?

*** W. G. Runciman Relative Deprivation and Social Justice (1966)*** J. Goldthorpe, D. Lockwood et al. The Affluent Worker (1968) 3 vols.A. H. Halsey Change in British Society (latest edition)
A.H. Halsey, A.F. Heath and J.M. Ridge Origins and Destinations (1980)
J.H. Goldthorpe Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern Britain (1980)
*** M. Bulmer (ed.) Working-class Images of Society (1975) esp. D. Lockwood 'Sources of Variation in Working-Class Images of Society'
*** D. Lockwood The Blackcoated Worker (1958)
R. Lewis and A. Maude The English Middle Classes (1949)
F. Parkin Middle-class Radicalism (1968)
M. Young and P. Willmott Family and Kinship in East London (1957)
B. Jackson Working-class Community (1968)
S. Rowbotham A Century of Women: The History of Women in Britain and the United States (1997) chs. 6-8
E. Roberts Women and Families: An Oral History 1940-1970 (1995)
P. Thane 'Towards Equal Opportunities? Women in Britain since 1945' in T. Gourvish and A. O'Day (eds.) Britain since 1945 (1991)
J. Lewis The Problem of Lone Mother Families in Twentieth-century Britain (1995)
R. Lowe Education in the Post-war Years: A Social History (1988)
W.K. Richmond Education in Britain since 1944 (1978)
B. Simon and D. Rubinstein The Evolution of the Comprehensive School 1926-1972 (1973)
I.G.K. Fenwick The Comprehensive School 1944-1970 (1976)
H. Silver (ed.) Equal Opportunity in Education: A Reader in Social Class and Educational Opportunity (1973)
J.W.B. Douglas The Home and the School (1964)
M. Sanderson Educational Opportunity and Social Change in England (1987)
P. Willis Learning to Labour (1977)
S. Hall et al. Resistance Through Ritual
S. McGregor The Politics of Poverty (1981)
B. Abel-Smith and P. Townsend The Poor and the Poorest (1965)
M. McCarthy Campaigning for the Poor: CPAG and the Politics of Welfare (1986)
K. Banting Poverty, Politics and Policy: Britain in the 1960s (1979)
F. Field Poverty and Politics: The Inside Story of the Child Poverty Action Group's Campaign in the 1970s (1982)

i. Discuss the role of education in promoting social mobility in the first half of the twentieth century?
ii. "Changing definitions of equality lie at the heart of educational policy during the twentieth century". Do you agree?

S. Maclure (ed.) Educational Documents, England and Wales (1985)
*** G. Sutherland 'Education' in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.) The Cambridge Social History of Britain 1750-1950 Vol. III (1990)
*** R. Lowe The Welfare State in Britain since 1945 (2^nd. edn., 1999) ch.8
W.B. Stephens Education in Britain 1750-1914 (1998)
B. Simon Education and the Labour Movement 1870-1920 (1974)
B. Simon The Politics of Education Reform 1920-1940 (1974)
B. Simon and D. Rubinstein The Evolution of the Comprehensive School 1926-1972 (1973)
S. Humphries Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-class Childhood and Youth 1889-1939 (1981)
*** R.I. McKibbin Classes and Cultures: England 1918-1951 (Oxford, 1998)
D. Thom 'The 1944 Education Act' in H.L. Smith (ed.) War and Social Change: British Society and the Second World War (1986)
*** G. Lowndes The Silent Social Revolution (1937)
H. Silver (ed.) Equal Opportunity in Education: A Reader in Social Class and Educational Opportunity (1973)
*** A.H. Halsey Change in British Society ch. on 'Mobility and Education'
R. Roberts A Ragged Schooling: Growing Up in the Classic Slum (1976)
P. Willis Learning to Labour (1977)
M. Sanderson Educational Opportunity and Social Change in England (1987)

i. 'The stagnant society'of the 1950s and 1960s. To what extent were trade unions to blame?
ii. Did trade unions have too much power, or too little power, in the 1950s and 1960s?

*** Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations [Donovan] Report (Cmnd. 3625) (1968)
Department of Employment British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstract 1886-1968 (1971)
*** R. Taylor 'The Trade Union "Problem" since 1960' in B. Pimlott and C. Cook (eds.) Trade Unions in British Politics (1982)
D. Barnes and E. Reid 'A New Relationship: Trade Unions in the Second World War' in B. Pimlott and C. Cook (eds.) Trade Unions in British Politics (1982)
*** R. Price Labour in British Society (1986)
W. Hamish Fraser A History of British Trade Unionism 1700-1998 (1999) ch.9
H. Phelps Brown The Origins of Trade Union Power (1983)
*** A. Fox History and Heritage: The Social Origins of the British Industrial Relations System (1985)
C. Cook and B. Pimlott (eds.) Trade Unions in British Politics (2nd. edn. 1991)
K.G.J.C. Knowles Strikes: A Study in Industrial Conflict (1952)
F. Zweig The British Worker (1952)
M. Shanks The Stagnant Society
J.E. Cronin Industrial Conflict in Modern Britain (1979)
*** R. Hyman Strikes (3rd. edn. 1984)
E. Wigham Strikes and the Government 1893-1981
D.Barnes and E. Reid Government and Trade Unions: The British Experience 1964-1979 (1980)
C. Wrigley 'Trade Unions, the Government and the Economy' in T. Gourvish and A. O'Day (eds.) Britain since 1945 (1991)
H.A. Clegg The Changing System of Industrial Relations in Britain (1979)
G.S. Bain (ed.) Industrial Relations in Britain
K. Prandy, A. Stewart and R.M. Blackburn White-collar Unionism (1983)
R. Taylor The Fifth Estate: Britain's Unions in the Seventies
R. Taylor Workers and the New Depression
W. Brown (ed.) The Changing Contours of British Industrial Relations: A Survey of Manufacturing Industry (1981)
P. Gourevitch et al. Unions and Economic Crisis: Britain, West Germany and Sweden (1984)
L. Panitch Working-class Politics in Crisis (1986)
A. Ferner and R. Hyman (eds.) Industrial Relations in the New Europe (1992)
C. Crouch Industrial Relations and European State Traditions (1993)
C. Crouch Trade Unions: The Logic of Collective Action (1982)
C. Offe 'Two Logics of Collective Action'in his Disorganised Capitalism (1985)
M. Olson The Logic of Collective Action (1965)
D. Morley 'Industrial Conflict and the Mass Media' Sociological Review 24 (1976)
P. Beharrell and G. Philo (eds.) Trade Unions and the Media (1977)
Glasgow University Media Group Bad News (1976)
Glasgow University Media Group More Bad News (1980)
Glasgow University Media Group Really Bad News (1987)
P. Hartmann 'Industrial Relations in the News Media' Industrial Relations Journal 6 (1976)
P. Hartmann 'News and Public Perceptions of Industrial Relations' Media, Culture and Society 1 (1979)

i. Do the experiences of immigrants since 1945 bear out the idea of Britain as a tolerant country?
ii. Is Britain a racist society?

*** Lord Scarman The Brixton Disorders April 10 to 12, 1981, Report of an Inquiry (The Scarman Report, 1981, Cmnd. 8427)
*** H. Goulbourne Race Relations in Britain since 1945 (1998)
'1981 in Retrospect: Urban Riots, Scarman, Police Reaction' New Community 9 (1982)
P. Panayi Immigration, Ethnicity and Racism in Britain 1815-1945 (1994)
P. Panayi (ed.) Racial Violence in Britain 1840-1950 (1993)
C. Holmes John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society 1871-1971 (1988)
*** C. Holmes 'Immigration' in T. Gourvish and A. O'Day (eds.) Britain since 1945 (1991)
*** C. Husband 'Race' in Britain (1982)
Z. Layton-Henry The Politics of Race in Britain (1984)
Z. Layton-Henry The Politics of Immigration: Immigration, 'Race' and 'Race' Relations in Post-war Britain (1992)
P.B. Rich and Z. Layton-Henry Race, Government and Politics in Britain (1986)
P.B. Rich Race and Empire in British Politics (1986)
H. Goulbourne (ed.) Black Politics in Britain (1990)
S. Saggar Race and Politics in Britain (1992)
J. Solomos Politics of Race
S. Welch and D. Studler 'The Impact of Race on Political Behaviour in Britain' British Journal of Political Science 15 (1985)
P. Hartmann and C. Husband 'The Mass Media and Racial Conflict' in S. Cohen and J. Young (eds.) The Manufacture of News: Deviance, Social Problems and the Mass Media (1973)
S. Hall et al. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order (1978)
R. Hewitt White Talk, Black Talk (1986)
D. Pearson Race, Class and Political Activism: A Study of West Indians in Britain (1981)
R. Miles Racism After Race Relations
M. Barker The New Racism (1991)
J. Rex Race Relations in Sociological Theory
J. Rex and S. Tomlinson Colonial Immigrants in a British City (1979)
*** M. Banton Promoting Racial Harmony (1985)
M. Banton Racial Theories (1987)
M. Banton Racial and Ethnic Competition (1983)
F. Anthias 'Race and Class Revisited: Conceptualising Race and Racisms' Sociological Review (1990)
C. Peach 'Does Britain Have Ghettos?' Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (1996)