Under industrial capitalism, said Marx, "All that is solid melts into air…" This module examines how the sexes, classes and denominations in the nineteenth century understood and experienced social and cultural change on an unprecedented scale; and why England remained politically stable. It begins with the world of work and the struggles of employers to establish, and of workers to resist, factory discipline. Next, the module explores social identities, and reviews the recent preoccupation with ‘language’. It also investigates the physical environment and the culture of the town and the country, institutions such as the monarchy and events such as the Great Exhibition.

A key aim of this module is to study how contemporaries understood their own life and times. To this end, several of the seminars are organised around texts by thinkers such as Carlyle, Marx, Engels, Mill and Ruskin.

The module will be taught by a series of 22 lectures. Additionally, every student must attend eight fortnightly seminars. For each seminar everyone will be required to look at a brief primary source, together with a little secondary reading. Two people will prepare short, ten-minute presentations, based on more secondary reading. Students should regard these presentations as preparation for the assessed essays. Finally, each student will be required to write two essays of not more than 2,000 words (excluding bibliography and footnotes), and attend a tutorial for each essay at which they will receive written and oral feedback on the essay.

1. Two essays of not more than 2,000 words from the list of assessed essay topics (excluding bibliography and footnotes). Each essay will carry 15% of the total mark. Marking of essays will be on the Senate scale (see Departmental handbook).
2. A two-hour examination in the summer term, counting for 70% of the mark. Students will be required to answer two out of ten questions.

The intended learning outcomes of this module are:

1. An understanding of how the sexes, classes and denominations of nineteenth-century Britain understood and experienced social and cultural change on an unprecedented scale.
2. An understanding of the forces shaping the physical environment of nineteenth century Britain.
3. An ability to evaluate both recent and older interpretations of these physical and social changes.
4. An ability to construct reasoned arguments about the development of nineteenth-century British society, drawing on work by political and economic, as well as social, historians.

E.J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783-1870 (Longman,latest edition)

Students should consult the following introductory reading:

E.J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783-1870 (Longman,latest edition)
R.K. Webb, Modern England: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (2^nd. edn., 1980)
N. McCord, British History, 1815-1906 (Oxford, 1991)
H. Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880 (Routledge, 1969)
A. Clayre (ed.), Nature and Industrialization (Oxford, 1977)
J.M. Golby (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: A Source Book of Contemporary Writings (Oxford, 1988)
C. Harvie, G. Martin and A. Scharf (eds.), Industrialisation and Culture, 1830-1914 (1970)

All lectures are on Thursdays at 5.15 p.m. in ER 145. There is a lecture a week in Michaelmas and Epithany terms, and in the first two weeks of Easter term.

1. Introduction to the module
2. Perspectives (I): City, Industry, Democracy, Class (W. Cooke Taylor; Tocqueville; Marx and Engels; Tonnies; Simmel; Durkheim; Weber; Foucault)
3. Perspectives (II): K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (1944); H. Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880 (1969); G. Stedman Jones, Languages of Class (1983)

2. WORK

4. The Standard of Living during the Industrial Revolution (I)
5. The Standard of Living during the Industrial Revolution (II)
6. Factory Discipline and Employer Paternalism (I)
7. Factory Discipline and Employer Paternalism (I)
8. Trade Societies and Trade Unions (I)
9. Trade Societies and Trade Unions (I)
10. Political Economy

3. GENDER AND IDENTITY

11. Roles and Representations of Women

4. CLASS AND IDENTITY

12. The Landed Elite and the Middle Classes (I)
13. The Landed Elite and the Middle Classes (II)
14. Chartism (I)
15. Chartism (II)
16. The Labour Aristocracy Thesis and the Absence of Revolution in Britain, 1850-1914 (I)
17. The Labour Aristocracy Thesis and the Absence of Revolution in Britain, 1850-1914 (II)

5. RELIGION AND IDENTITY

18. Religious Identity (I)
19. Religious Identity (II)

6. NATION AND IDENTITY

20. National Identity (I)
21. National Identity (II)

We will meet once a fortnight in Michaelmas and Epiphany terms, making eight compulsory seminars in all. In addition, at the start of Trinity term, there will be an optional seminar to discuss Hard Times by Charles Dickens. For each seminar everyone will have to look at a brief primary source, together with a little secondary reading. Two people will prepare ten-minute presentations, based on more secondary reading. You should regard these presentations as preparation for your assessed coursework. Most of the primary sources are taken from the following four collections of documents, which are all in the Reserve:

A. Clayre (ed.), Nature and Industrialization (Oxford, 1977)
J.M. Golby (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: A Source Book of Contemporary Writings (Oxford, 1988)
C. Harvie, G. Martin and A. Scharf (eds.), Industrialisation and Culture, 1830-1914 (1970)
J.Stuart Maclure (ed.), Educational Documents: England and Wales, 1816-1967 (1968)

You need to be well organized to do this. Inevitably, there will be difficulties about getting hold of the reading, even from the Reserve. It is, therefore, important not to leave it to the last minute. You should also co-operate with other members of your seminar group, e.g. share books and photocopies.

‘Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of labourers, crowded into the factory, are organised like soldiers. As privates of the industrial army they are placed under the command of a perfect hierarchy of officers and sergeants. Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the over-looker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself’ (K. Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party [1848]). Was the worker’s experience of factory work really this draconian?

A. Clayre (ed.), Nature and Industrialization (Oxford, 1977), pp.63-81

T. Wright, ‘On the Inner Life of Workshops’, in his Some Habits and Customs of the Working Classes (1867; repr. 1967)
E. Royston Pike (ed.), Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1966), sections on ‘The Rise of the Factory System’ and ‘Factory Life and People’
J.T. Ward (ed.), The Factory System, vol. 1, Birth and Growth; Vol. 2 The Factory System and Society (1970)
J.T. Ward, The Factory Movement, 1830-1855 (1962)
J.T. Ward, Popular Movements, c.1830-1850 (1970)
E.H. Hunt, British Labour History, 1815-1914 (1981), ch.1 ‘Work and Workers’
M.J. Daunton, Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1995), Part II, esp. ch.7
R. Price, Labour in British Society (1986)
E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963)
E.P. Thompson, ‘Time, Work-discipline and Industrial Capitalism’, Past and Present (1967)
R. Samuel, ‘Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain’, History Workshop 3 (1977)
J. Rule, The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth-Century Industry (1981)
J. Rule, The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial England, 1750-1850 (1986)
S. Pollard, ‘Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review (1963)
S. Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (1965)
P. Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (1980)
P. Joyce (ed.), The Historical Meanings of Work (Cambridge, 1987), ch.3, 4, 6, esp. ch.4 J. Rule, ‘The Property of Skill in the Period of Manufacture’

What was the psychological and social impact of the railway journey?

Clayre (ed.), Nature and Industrialization (Oxford, 1977), pp.86-90 ‘The Manchester and Leeds Railway’ [1842]
C. Harvie, G. Martin and A. Scharf (eds.), Industrialisation and Culture, 1830-1914 (1970), Readings A1, E1, E2, E3, E6

H. Jennings, Pandaemonium, 1660-1886: The Coming of the Machine as seen by contemporary observers (1985), Readings 174, 187, 189, 242, 251, 252, 285, 286, 320, 321, 332, 363
W. Shivelbusch, The Railway Journey: Trains and Travel in the Nineteenth Century (1980)
M. Freeman, Railways and the Victorian Imagination (1999)
M. Robbins, The Railway Age (1962)
H. Perkin, The Age of the Railway (1970)
J.R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian City (1969)
P.S. Bagwell, The Transport Revolution from 1770 (1974), ch.4, ‘The Foundation of the Railway System’; ch.5, ‘The Economic and Social Effects of Railways’
T.R. Gourvish, Railways and the British Economy, 1830-1914 (1980)
T. Coleman, The Railway Navvies (1965)

What remedies were proposed for the ‘Condition of England’?

A. Clayre (ed.), Nature and Industrialization (Oxford, 1977), pp.229-240, section XVI, Carlyle and Macaulay

A.L. Le Quesne, Carlyle (Oxford, 1982)
I. Campbell, Thomas Carlyle (Writers & their Work: Longman, 1978)
Thomas Carlyle, Selected Writings, ed. by A. Shelston (Penguin Books, 1971)
R. Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958), ch.4 ‘Thomas Carlyle’
A.J. La-Valley, Carlyle and the Idea of the Modern (1968)
P. Rosenberg, The Seventh Hero (1974)
F. Kaplan, Carlyle (Cambridge, 1983)
J.T. Ward (ed.), Popular Movements, c.1830-1850 (1970)
G. Kitson Clark, Churchmen and the Condition of England, 1832-85 (1973)

What were the problems of modern city life, and how could they be solved?

A. Clayre (ed.), Nature and Industrialization (Oxford, 1977)
Section VIII, Tocqueville, Engels and Dickens
Reading IX.1 Edwin Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population, 1842

E. Royston Pike (ed.), Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1966), section on ‘The State of the Towns’
R. Dennis, English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century (1984)
J.H. Johnson and C.G. Pooley (eds.), The Structure of Nineteenth-century Cities (1982)
R.J. Morris and R. Rodger (eds.), The Victorian City, 1820-1914 (1993)
R. Rodger, Housing in Urban Britain, 1780-1914 (1989)
J. Burnett, A Social History of Housing, 1815-1970 (1978)
A.S. Wohl, The Eternal Slum: Housing and Social Policy in Victorian London (1977)
H.J. Dyos, Victorian Suburb: A Study of the Growth of Camberwell (Leicester, 1961)
H.J. Dyos and M. Wolff (eds.), The Victorian City: Images and Realities, 2 Vols. (1973)

What was the purpose of state education?

J.Stuart Maclure (ed.), Educational Documents: England and Wales, 1816-1967 (1968), Readings 2, 9, 10, 14

G. Sutherland, ‘Education’, in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Modern Britain, 1750-1950 (Cambridge, 1990)
M. Sanderson, Education, Economic Change and Society in England, 1780-1870 (2^nd. edn., 1991)
A. Digby and V. Searby, Children, School and Society in Nineteenth-century England (1981)
J.S. Hurt, Education in Evolution: Church, State, Society and Popular Education, 1800-1870 (1971)
J.S. Hurt, Elementary Schooling and the Working Classes, 1860-1918 (1979)
A. Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture in England, 1750-1914 (1990)
S. Humphries, Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-class Childhood ad Youth, 1889-1939 (1981)

What moral values underpinned a stable social order, according to our authors?

J.M. Golby (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: A Source Book of Contemporary Writings (Oxford, 1988)

1. Reading III.5, pp.106-112, Samuel Smiles, From Self-Help (1859)
2. Reading III.8, pp.122-125, From sermon preached by Henry Liddon (9 June 1876)
3. Reading III.10, pp.126-142, J.S. Mill, from Principles of Political Economy (1848)

A. Briggs, ‘Samuel Smiles and the Gospel of Work’, in his Victorian People (1954)
H.S. Jones, Victorian Political Thought (2000)
W.E.S. Thomas, Mill (Oxford, 1985)
A. Ryan, J.S. Mill (1975)

What caused the Victorian crisis of faith?

J.M. Golby (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: A Source Book of Contemporary Writings (Oxford, 1988)
Readings II.1-II.9, pp.33-60

F.M. Turner, ‘The Victorian Crisis of Faith and the Faith that Was Lost’, in R. Helmstadter and B. Lightman (eds.), Victorian Faith in Cisis (1990)
A.D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740-1914 (1976)
G. Parsons and J.R. Moore (eds.), Religion in Victorian Britain, Vol. 1, Traditions; Vol. 2, Controversies; Vol. 3, Sources; Vol. 4, Interpretations (1988)
H. McLeod, Religion and Society in England, 1850-1914 (1996)
J. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain: Religion and National Life in Britain and Ireland, 1843-1945 (1994)
S. Budd, Varieties of Unbelief: Atheists and Agnostics in English Society (1977)
C.C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology: A Study in the Relations of Scientfic Thought, Natural Theology and Social Opinion in Great Britain, 1790-1850 (1951)
J.W. Burrow, Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory (1966)
A. Desmond and J.R. Moore, Darwin (1991)
A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil’s Disciple (1994)
A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution’s High Priest (1997)
W. Irvine, Thomas Henry Huxley (Writers & their Work : Longman, 1973)
J.R. Moore, The Post-Darwin Controversies (1979)
R.M. Young, Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture (1985)
R.J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behaviour (1987)

How convincing is Bagehot’s explanation of the popularity of the British monarchy?

Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution (1867; 2^nd. edn., 1872; Fontana edn., with an Introduction by R.H.S. Crossman) Ch.2, ‘The Monarchy’
Introduction to the second edition of 1872

F. Hardie, The Political Influence of the British Monarchy, 1868-1952 (1970)
D. Cannadine ‘The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the "Invention of Tradition", c.1820-1977’, in E.J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (1983)
F.K. Prochaska, Royal Bounty: The Making of a Welfare Monarchy (1995)
F.K. Prochaska, The Republic of Britain, 1760-2000 (2000)
A. Taylor, ‘Down With the Crown’: British Anti-Monarchism and Debates about Royalty since 1790 (1999)
D. Nash and A. Taylor (eds.), Republicanism in Victorian Society (2000)
A. Taylor and L. Trainor, ‘Monarchism and Anti-Monarchism: Anglo-Australian Comparisons, c.1870-1901’, Social History 24 (1999)
D. Thompson, Queen Victoria: Gender and Power (1990)
T. Richards, ‘The Image of Victoria in the Year of the Jubilee’, Victorian Studies (1987)
K. Martin, The Crown and the Estabishment (1963)
E. Shils and M. Young, ‘The Meaning of the Coronation’, Sociological Review 1 (1953)

What does the Great Exhibition tell us about the nature of British society in the mid-nineteenth century?

C. Harvie, G. Martin and A. Scharf (eds.), Industrialisation and Culture, 1830-1914 (1970), Section K, ‘The Great Exhibition’
J.M. Golby (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: A Source Book of Contemporary Writings (Oxford, 1988), Readings I.1-I.5

J.A. Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display (Yale, 1999)
J.A. Auerbach, ‘The Great Exhibition and Historical Memory’, Journal of Victorian Culture 6.1 (Spring 2001)
J.R. Davis, The Great Exhibition (Stroud, 1999)
A. Bird, Paxton’s Palace (1976)
T. Kusamitsu, ‘Great Exhibitions before 1851’, History Workshop Journal 9 (1980)
M. Musgrave, The Musical Life of Crystal Palace (1995)
C. Babbage, The Exposition of 1851 (1851)
A. Briggs, ‘The Crystal Palace and the Men of 1851’, in his Victorian People (1954)
Briggs, 1851 (Historical Association, 1951)
N. Pevsner, High Victorian Design: A Study of the Exhibits of 1851 (1951)
C.R. Ray, Palace of Industry, 1851: A Study of the Geat Exhibition and its Fruit (Cambridge, 1951)
C. Hobhouse, 1851 and the Crystal Palace (1950)
C.H. Gibbs-Smith, The Great Exhibition of 1851 (1950)
Y. Ffrench, The Great Exhibition, 1851 (1950)
J. Richards, The Commodity Culture of Victorian Britain: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851-1914 (Stanford, 1990)
A. Hassam, ‘Portable Iron Structures and Uncertain Colonial Spaces at the Sydenham Crystal Palace’, in F. Driver and D. Gilbert (eds.), Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity (Manchester, 1999)

What did Ruskin believe was the impact of industrialization on art?

J.M. Golby (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: A Source Book of Contemporary Writings (Oxford, 1988)
Reading IV.4, From ‘The Nature of Gothic’ (1853)
Reading IV.5, From ‘The Opening of the Crystal Palace considered in Some of its Relations to the Prospects of Art’ (1854)

G.P. Landow, Ruskin (Oxford, 1985)
J.D. Rosenberg (ed.), The Genius of John Ruskin (1964)
R. Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958), ch.7 ‘Art and Society’
G. Hough, The Last Romantics (1949), ch.1
C. Sherburne, John Ruskin, or the Ambiguities of Abundance: A Study in Social and Economic Criticism (Cambridge, Mass., 1972)
P.D. Anthony, John Ruskin’s Labour: A Study of Ruskin’s Social Theory (Cambridge, 1983)
J.A. Hobson, John Ruskin, Social Reformer (1904)
J.D. Hunt, The Wider Sea: A Life of John Ruskin (1982)
K. Clark, The Gothic Revival (1928)

Why did Morris become a socialist?

J.M. Golby (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: A Source Book of Contemporary Writings (Oxford, 1988)
Reading III.11, From ‘Useful Work Versus Useless Toil’ (1885)
Reading III.12, From ‘How I Became A Socialist’ (16 June 1894)

C. Harvie, G. Martin and A. Scharf (eds.), Industrialisation and Culture, 1830-1914
(1970), pp.317-345, Section N
Briggs (ed.), William Morris: Selected Writings and Designs (1962)
P. Stansky, Morris (Oxford, 1983)
P. Stansky, Redesigning the World: William Morris, the 1880s and the Arts and Crafts (1985)
R. Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958), ch.7, ‘Art and Society’
E.P. Thompson, William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary (1955)
P. Thompson, The Work of William Morris (1977)
F. McCarthy, William Morris: A Life for Our Time (1994)
G. Naylor, The Arts and Crafts Movement (1971)

1. What did Wilde mean by ‘socialism’?

2. Did Wilde produce a ‘new aesthetics’?

O. Wilde, The Soul of Man under Socialism (1891)

R. Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958), Part II, II, ‘The "New Aesthetics"’
R. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (1987)
J. Stokes, Oscar Wilde (Writers & their Work: Longman, 1978)
I. Fletcher, Walter Pater (Writers & their Work: Longman, 1971)
E.H. Mikhail (ed.), Oscar Wilde: Interviews and Recollections (2 vols., 1979)
K. Beckson (ed.), Oscar Wilde: The Critical Heritage (1970)
R. Shewan, Oscar Wilde: Art and Egoism (1977)
P. Cohen, The Moral Vision of Oscar Wilde (1978)
N. Kohl, Oscar Wilde: The Works of a Conformist Rebel (1989)

1. "The novels Charles Dickens wrote in the 1850s, with their capacious social canvases and their voice of social reform, seem to invite readings of their political message" (H. Schor). What is the political message of Hard Times?

2. "Who, it may be asked, takes Mr. Dickens seriously?" (J.F. Stephen, ‘Mr. Dickens as a Politician’, Saturday Review (3 January 1857). Discuss with reference to Hard Times.

Charles Dickens, Hard Times (1854)

C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1855-1857)
B. Disraeli, Coningsby (1844); Sybil (1845)
E. Gaskell, Mary Barton (1848); North and South (1854-1855)
G. Gissing, Charles Dickens (1898)
G.K. Chesterton, Charles Dickens (1906)
G.B. Shaw, ‘Introduction’ [1912] in G. Ford and L. Lane (eds.), The Dickens Critics (1961)
J. Butt and K. Tillotson, Dickens at Work (1957)
B. Ford (ed.), From Dickens to Hardy: Volume 6 of the Pelican Guide to English Literature (1958)
R. Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958), ch.5 ‘The Industrial Novels’
P. Ackroyd, Dickens (1990)
K. Flint, Dickens (Brighton, 1986)
J.O. Jordan (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens (Cambridge, 2001), esp. ch.5
B. Hardy, Dickens: The Later Novels (Writers & their Work: Longman, 1977)
J. Carey, The Violent Effigy: A Study of Dickens’ Imagination (1973)
M. Slater, An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Dickens (Duckworth, 1999)
H. House, The Dickens World (2^nd. edn., 1960)
A. Wilson, The World of Charles Dickens (1970)
P. Collins, Dickens and Crime (1964)
P. Collins, Dickens and Education (1963)
W. Oddie, Dickens and Carlyle (1972)
P.E. Gray (ed.), Twentieth Century Interpretations of Hard Times (1969)
K.J. Fielding, ‘Hard Times and Common Things’, in N. Mack and I. Gregor (eds.), Imagined Worlds (1968)
R. Gilmour, ‘The Gradgrind School: Political Economy in the Classroom’, Victorian Studies 11 (1967)
G. Carnall, ‘Dickens, Mrs. Gaskell and the Preston Strike’, Victorian Studies 8 (1964)
P. Brantlinger, ‘The Case Against Trade Unions in Early Victorian Fiction’, Victorian Studies 13 (1969)
H.I. Dutton and J.E. King, "Ten Per Cent and No Surrender": The Preston Strike, 1853-54 (Cambridge, 1981)
S.M. Smith, The Other Nation: The Poor in English Novels of the 1840s and 1850s (1980)
P.J. Keating, The Working Classes in Victorian Fiction (1971)
A. Kidd, Manchester (1993)

R.K. Webb, Modern England: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (2^nd. edn., 1980)
E.J. Evans, The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783-1870 (Longman, 1983)
H. Cunningham, The Challenge of Democracy: Britain, 1832-1918 (2001)
N. McCord, British History, 1815-1906 (Oxford, 1991)
W.D. Rubinstein, Britain’s Century: A Political and Social History, 1815-1905
K.T. Hoppen, The Mid-Victorian Generation, 1846-1886 (Oxford, 1998)
Briggs, The Age of Improvement, 1783-1867 (Longman, 1979)
D. Read England, 1868-1914: The Age of Urban Democracy (Longman, 1979)
N. Gash, Aristocracy and People: Britain, 1815-1865 (Arnold, 1975)
E.J. Feuchtwanger, Democracy and Empire: Britain, 1865-1914 (Arnold, 1985)
J.F.C. Harrison, The Early Victorians, 1832-1851 (1971)
G.F.A. Best, Mid-Victorian Britain, 1851-1875 (1971)
J.F.C. Harrison, Late Victorian Britain, 1875-1901 (1991)
R. Shannon, The Crisis of Imperialism, 1865-1915 (1974)
M. Pugh, State and Society: A Social and Political History of Britain, 1870-1997 (1999)
L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (1992)
K. Robbins, Nineteenth-century Britain: England. Scotland and Wales (Oxford, 1989)
D. Read, The English Provinces, c.1760-1960: A Study in Influence (Arnold, 1964)
S. and O. Checkland, Industry and Ethos: Scotland, 1832-1914 (Arnold, 1984)
T.C. Smout, A Century of the Scottish People, 1830-1950 (1986)
W.H. Fraser and R.J. Morris (eds.), People and Society in Scotland: A Social History of Modern Scotland, Vol. 2, 1830-1914 (Edinburgh, 1990)
D.G. Evans, A History of Wales, 1815-1906 (Cardiff, 1989)
K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (Oxford, 1981)
K.O. Morgan, Wales in British Politics, 1868-1922 (Cardiff, 1991)
R.F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600-1972 (1988)
K.T. Hoppen, Ireland since 1800: Conflict and Conformity (1989)
D.G. Boyce, Nineteenth-century Ireland: The Search for Stability (Dublin, 1990)
F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland since the Famine (1985)
Porter, The Lion’s Share: A Short History of British Imperialism, 1850-1995 (1996)
E. Halevy, A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century (2^nd. ed., 6 vols., 1949)
M. Ostrogorksi, Democracy and the Organization of Political Parties, 2 vols. (1902)
R.C.K. Ensor, England, 1870-1914 (Oxford, 1936)
G.M. Young, Victorian England: Portrait of an Age (Oxford, 1953)
G. Kitson Clark, The Making of Victorian Britain (1962)
G. Kitson Clark, An Expanding Society: Britain, 1830-1900 (Cambridge, 1967)
W.L. Burn, The Age of Equipoise: A Study of the Mid-Victorian Generation (1964)
M. Hewitt (ed.), An Age of Equipoise?: Reassessing Mid-Victorian Britain (Aldershot, 2000)
A. Briggs, Victorian People: A Reassessment of Persons and Themes, 1851-1867 (1954)
A. Briggs, Victorian Cities (1963)
Briggs, Victorian Things (1988)
J. Walvin, Victorian Values (1987)
M. Pugh, The Evolution of the British Electoral System, 1832-1987 (Historical Association pamphlet, 1988)
J.R. Vincent, Poll Books: How Victorians Voted (1967)
W. Rubinstein, ‘The End of "Old Corruption" in Britain, 1780-1860’, Past and Present (1983)
J. Prest, Politics in the Age of Cobden (1977)
J. Prest, Liberty and Locality: Parliament, Permisive Legislation, and Ratepayers’ Democracies in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1990)
D. Eastwood, Government and Community in the English Provinces, 1700-1870 (1997)
J. Belchem, Popular Radicalism in Nineteenth-century Britain (1996)
J.R. Vincent, The Formation of the Liberal Party, 1859-68 (1966)
J.P. Parry, The Rise and Fall of Liberal Government in Victorian Britain (1993)
R. Gildea, Barricades and Borders: Europe, 1800-1914 (Oxford, 1987)
P.N. Stearns, European Society in Upheaval: Social History since 1750 (1975)

P. Mathias, The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain, 1700-1914 (2^nd. ed., 1983)
R. Samuel, ‘Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain’, History Workshop 3 (1977)
E.J. Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire (1990)
N.F.R. Crafts, British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution (Oxford, 1985)
M. Berg, The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain, 1700-1820 (1985)
P. Hudson, The Industrial Revolution (1992)
P. Hudson (ed.), Regions and Industries: A Perspective on the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1989)
M.J. Daunton, Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1995)
A.E. Musson, The Growth of British Industry (1978)
C. More, The Industrial Age: Economy and Society in Britain, 1750-1985 (Longman, 1989)
R.C. Floud and D.M. McCloskey (eds.), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, Vol. 1, 1700-1860; Vol. 2, 1860-1939 (Cambeidge, 1994)
C.H. Lee, The British Economy since 1700: A Macroeconomic Perspective (Cambridge, 1987)
S.G. Checkland, The Rise of Industrial Society in England, 1815-1885 (1964)
F. Crouzet, The Victorian Economy (Methuen, 1982)
M. Robbins, The Railway Age (1962)
C. Hadfield, British Canals: An Illustrated History (1966)
R.A. Church, The Great Victorian Boom, 1850-1873 (1975)
S.B. Saul, The Myth of the Great Depression, 1873-1896 (1969)
P.L. Payne, British Entrepreneurship in the Nineteenth Century (1974)
W. Hamish Fraser, The Coming of the Mass Market, 1850-1914 (1981)
S. Pollard, Britain’s Prime and Britain’s Decline: The British Economy, 1870-1914 (Arnold, 1989)
B. Elbaum and W. Lazonick (eds.), The Decline of the British Economy (1985)
D. Fieldhouse, Economics and Empire, 1830-1914 (1973)
P.J. Cain and A.G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1815-1914 (1993)
M.J. Daunton, "Gentlemanly Capitalism" and British Industry, 1820-1914’, Past and Present (1989)
M.J. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850-1980 (1981)
W.D. Rubinstein, Elites and the Wealthy in Modern British History (1988)

E. Royle, Modern Britain: A Social History, 1750-1985 (Arnold, 1987)
F. Bedarida, A Social History of England, 1851-1975 (1979)
F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988)
F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950, Vol. I, Regions and Communities; Vol. II, People and their Environment; Vol. III, Social Agencies and Institutions (Cambridge, 1990)
F.M.L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (1963)
G.E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside, 2 vols. (1981)
J. Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: A Social History of Britain, 1870-1914 (1993)
R.J. Morris, Class and Class Consciousness in the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850 (1979)
A.J. Reid, Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850-1914 (1990)
E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963)
E.P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present 50 (1971)
H. Perkin, The Age of the Railway (1970)
H. Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880 (Routledge, 1969)
H. Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (1989)
P.J. Waller, Town, City and Nation: England, 1850-1914 (Oxford, 1983)
M.J. Winstanley, The Shopkeeper’s World, 1830-1914 (Manchester, 1983)
J. Burnett, A Social History of Diet in England from 1815 to the Present Day (1966)

B. Ford (ed.), The Cambridge History of the Arts in Britain, Vol. 6, Romantics to Early Victorians (Cambridge, 1990); Vol. 7, The Later Victorian Age (Cambridge, 1989)
J. Treuherz, Victorian Painting (1993)
W.E. Houghton, The Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830-1870 (1957)
Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795-1865 (Oxford, 1988)
M. Girouard, The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman (New Haven, 1981)
P. Van der Merwe, Origins of the Popular (Oxford, 1989)
R. Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958)
R. Williams, The Long Revolution (1961)
R. Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (1976)
H.S. Jones, Victorian Political Thought (2000)
J.S. Mill, On Liberty (1859)
M. Arnold, Culture and Anarchy (1867-9)
W. Bagehot, The English Constitution (1867; 2^nd. ed., 1872)
J. Ruskin, Unto This Last (1862)
F. Harrison, Order and Progress (1875)
H. Spencer, The Man versus The State (1884)
A.L. Le Quesne, Carlyle (Oxford, 1982)
G.P. Landow, Ruskin (Oxford, 1985)
S. Collini, Arnold (Oxford, 1988)
P.J. Keating, ‘Arnold’s Social and Political Thought’, in K. Allott (ed.) Matthew Arnold (1975)
P. Stansky, Morris (Oxford, 1983)
F.D. Klingender, Art and the Industrial Revolution (1972)

B. Ford (ed.), From Dickens to Hardy: Volume 6 of the Pelican Guide to English Literature (1958)
G. Beer, Darwin’s Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-century Fiction (1983)
C. Dickens, Sketches by Boz: Illustrative of Every-Day Life and Every-Day People
(1836); Hard Times (1854); Little Dorrit (1855-1857)
P. Ackroyd, Dickens (1990)
K. Flint, Dickens (Brighton, 1986)
J.O. Jordan (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens (Cambridge, 2001)
J. Carey, The Violent Effigy: A Study of Dickens’ Imagination (1973)
M. Slater, An Intelligent Person’s Guide to Dickens (Duckworth, 1999)
B. Disraeli, Coningsby (1844); Sybil (1845)
E. Gaskell, Mary Barton (1848); North and South (1854-1855)
A. Trollope, The Warden (1855)
G. Eliot, Felix Holt, The Radical (1866)
R. Ashton, Eliot (Oxford, 1983)
S. Butler, Erewhon: Or Over the Range (1872)
G. Meredith, The Egoist: A Comedy in Narrative (1879)
G. Gissing, New Grub Street (1891); Born in Exile (1892)
J. Conrad, Heart of Darkness (1902)

Clayre (ed.), Nature and Industrialization (Oxford, 1977)
J.M. Golby (ed.), Culture and Society in Britain, 1850-1890: A Source Book of Contemporary Writings (Oxford, 1988)
C. Harvie, G. Martin and A. Scharf (eds.), Industrialisation and Culture, 1830-1914
(1970)
E. Royston Pike (ed.) Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1966)
P.J. Keating (ed.), The Victorian Prophets: A Reader from Carlyle to Wells (1981)
P.J. Keating (ed.), Into Unknown England, 1866-1913: Selections from the Social Explorers (1976)
J.Stuart Maclure (ed.), Educational Documents: England and Wales, 1816-1967 (1968)
H.J. Hanham (ed.), The Nineteenth-century Constitution, 1815-1914: Documents and Commentary (Cambridge, 1969)
J.T. Ward and W. Hamish Fraser (eds.), Workers and Employers: Documents on Trade Unions and Industrial Relations in Britain since the Eighteenth Century (1980)
J. Burnett (ed.), Useful Toil: Autobiographies of Working People from the 1820s to the 1920s (1974)

J. Langton and R.J. Morris (eds.), Atlas of Industrializing Britain 1780-1914 (1986)
B.R. Mitchell (ed.), British Historical Statistics (Cambridge, 1988)
Department of Employment, British Labour Statistics: Historical Abstract, 1886-1968 (1971)
C.H. Feinstein, National Expenditure and Output of the United Kingdom, 1855-1965 (1972)
C.R. Dod, Electoral Facts, from 1832 to 1853, Impartially Stated, H.J. Hanham (ed.), (1972)
F.W.S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results, 1832-1885 (1977)
F.W.S. Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results, 1885-1918 (1974)

1. Was the landed elite the ruling class in the nineteenth century?

2. Were the wealthiest also the most powerful in nineteenth-century Britain?

J.C.D. Clark, English Society, 1660-1832: Religion, Ideology and Politics during the Ancien Regime (Cambridge, 2^nd. edn., 2000)
W.L. Guttsman, The British Political Elite (1963)
F.M.L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (1963)
F.M.L. Thompson, ‘Life After Death: How Successful Nineteenth-century Businessmen Disposed of their Fortunes’ Econimic History Review (1990)
H. Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780-1880 (Routledge, 1969)
L. and J.C.F. Stone, An Open Elite?: England, 1540-1880 (Oxford, 1984)
L. Davidoff, The Best Circles: Society, Etiquette and the Season (1973)
W.L. Arnstein, ‘The Survival of the Victorian Aristocracy’, in F.C. Jaher (ed.), The Rich, the Well-born and the Powerful: Elites and Upper Classes in History (1973)
J.V. Beckett, The Aristocracy in England, 1660-1914 (1986)
D. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy (1990)
D. Cannadine, Lords and Landlords: The Aristocracy and the Towns, 1774-1967 (1980)
D. Cannadine (ed.), Patricians, Power and Politics in Nineteenth-century Towns (1982)
P. Horn, High Society: The English Social Elite, 1880-1914 (1992)
M. Girouard, The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman (New Haven, 1981)
M. Girouard, Life in the English Country House: A Social and Architectural History (New Haven, 1978)
M. Girouard, The Victorian Country House (2^nd. edn., 1979), esp. Introduction
D. Spring, The English Landed Estate in the Nineteenth Century: Its Administration (Baltimore, 1963)
H. Clemenson, English Country Houses and Landed Estates (1982)
K.D. Reynolds, Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1998)
P. Horn, Ladies of the Manor: Wives and Daughters in Country-house Society, 1830-1918 (1991)
R. Carr, English Fox Hunting
W. Vamplew, The Turf: A Social and Economic History of Horse Racing (1976)
P. Horn, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant (1975)
J. Gathorne-Hardy, The Rise and Fall of the British Nanny (1972)
D. Roberts, Paternalism in Early Victorian England (1979)
J.M. Lee, Social Leaders and Public Persons: A Study of County Government in Cheshire since 1888 (1963)
P.H. Lindert, ‘Who Owned Victorian England?’ Agricultural History (1987)
G.E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside, 2 vols. (1981)
A. Offer, Property and Politics 1870-1914: Landownership, Law, Ideology and Urban Development in England (1981)
R.E. Pumphrey, ‘The Introduction of Industrialists into the British Peerage’, American Historical Review (1959)
W.D. Rubinstein, ‘Wealth, Elites and the Class Structure of Modern Britain’, Past and Present (1977)
W.D. Rubinstein, Elites and the Wealthy in Modern British History (1988)
W.D. Rubinstein, Men of Property: The Very Wealthy in Britain since the Industrial Revolution (1981)

1. Was the countryside in the nineteenth century really the model of stability, hierarchy and contentment that many imagined it to be?

2. ‘The bourgeoisie has… rescued a considerable part of the population from the idiocy of rural life’ (K. Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party [1848]). In what sense, if any, is this true of nineteenth-century Britain?

J.D. Chambers and G.E. Mingay, The Agricultural Revolution, 1750-1880 (1966)
E.L. Jones, The Development of English Agriculture, 1815-1873 (1968)
E.L. Jones, ‘The Agricultural Labour Market, 1793-1872’, Economic History Review 18 (1964-65)
E.J.T. Collins, ‘Migrant Labour in British Agriculture in the Nineteenth Century’, Economic History Review 29 (1976)
C.S. Orwin and E.H. Whetham, History of British Agriculture, 1846-1914 (1964)
G.E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside, 2 vols. (1991)
G.E. Mingay, The Gentry: The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class (1976)
A. Howkins, Reshaping Rural England: A Social History, 1850-1929 (1991)
F.M.L. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century (1963)
D. Spring, The English Landed Estate in the Nineteenth Century: Its Administration (Baltimore, 1963)
H. Clemenson, English Country Houses and Landed Estates (1982)
R. Carr, English Fox Hunting
P. Horn, Ladies of the Manor: Wives and Daughters in Country-house Society, 1830-1918 (1991)
P. Horn, Victorian Countrywomen (1978)
P. Horn, The Rural World, 1780-1850: Social Change in the English Countryside (1980)
P. Horn, Life and Labour in Rural England, 1760-1850 (1987)
P. Horn, Labouring Life in the Victorian Countryside (1976)
P. Horn, The Changing Countryside in Victorian and Edwardian England and Wales (1984)
P. Horn, Education in Rural England, 1800-1914 (1978)
E.J. Evans, The Contentious Tithe: The Tithe Problem and English Agriculture, 1750-1850 (1976)
P. Horn, Joseph Arch, 1826-1919: The Farm Workers’ Leader (1971)
J.P.D. Dunbabin, Rural Discontent in Nineteenth-century Britain (1974)
J. Saville, Rural Depopulation in England and Wales, 1851-1951 (1957)
E.J. Hobsbawm and G. Rude, Captain Swing (1969)
R. Wells, ‘Rural Rebels in Southern England in the 1830s’, in C. Emsley and J. Walvin (eds.), Artisans, Peasants and Proletarians (1985)
D.J.V. Jones, ‘The Poacher: A Study in Victorian Crime and Protest’, Historical Journal 22 (1979)
T.L. Crosby, English Farmers and the Politics of Protection, 1815-1852 (1977)
J.L. and B. Hammond, The Village Labourer, 1760-1832 (6^th. edn., 1978)

1. Have historians exaggerated the civic-mindedness of the Victorian middle classes?

2. ‘The bourgeoisie, wherever it has got the upper hand, has put an end to all feudal, patriarchal, idyllic relations. It has pitilessly torn asunder the motley feudal ties that bound man to his "natural superiors," and has left no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous "cash payment"’ (K. Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party [1848]). Is this an accurate characterization of the British bourgeoisie in the nineteenth century?

D. Read, The English Provinces, c.1760-1960: A Study in Influence (Arnold, 1964)
Briggs, Victorian Cities (1964)
A. Briggs, The Background of the Parliamentary Reform Movement in Three English Cities’, Cambridge Historical Journal (1952)
N. McCord, The Anti-Corn Law League, 1838-1846 (1958)
G.R. Searle, Entrepreneurial Politics in Mid-Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1993)
P. Adelman, Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-class Experience, 1830-1914 (1984)
P.J. Waller Town, City and Nation: England, 1850-1914 (1983)
D. Cannadine, Lords and Landlords: The Aristocracy and the Towns (1980)
D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England: The Structure of Politics in Victorian Cities (Leicester, 1976)
D. Fraser, Power and Authority in the Victorian City (1979)
P. Hollis (ed.), Pressure from Without in Early Victorian England (1974)
Binfield, So Down to Prayers: Studies in English Nonconformity, 1780-1820 (1977)
J.T. Ward (ed.), Popular Movements, c.1830-1850 (1970)
W.L. Burn, The Age of Equipoise: A Study of the Mid-Victorian Generation (1964)
M. Hewitt (ed.), An Age of Equipoise?: Reassessing Mid-Victorian Britain (Aldershot, 2000)
W.R. Reader, Professional Men: The Rise of the Professional Classes in Nineteenth-century England (1966)
L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (1987)
A. Kidd and D. Nicholls (eds.), The Making of the British Middle Class?: Studies of Regional and Cultural Diversity since the Eighteenth Century (1998)
A.C. Howe, The Cotton Masters, 1830-1860 (1984)
D. Fraser (ed.), A History of Modern Leeds (Manchester, 1980)
R.J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party: The Making of the British Middle Class. Leeds, 1820-50 (1990)
R.J. Morris (ed.), Class, Power and Social Structure in British Nineteenth-century Towns (Leicester, 1986)
D.G. Wright and J.A. Jowitt (eds.), Victorian Bradford (Bradford, 1982)
T. Koditschek, Class Formation and Urban-Industrial Society: Bradford, 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1990)
M. Hewitt, The Emergence of Stability in the Industrial City: Manchester, 1832-1867 (Aldershot, 1996)
J. Wolff and J. Seed (eds.), The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth-century Middle Class (Manchester, 1988)
J. Garrard, Leadership and Power in Victorian Industrial Towns, 1830-1880 (1983)
E.P. Hennock, Fit and Proper Persons: Ideal and Reality in Nineteenth Century Urban Government (1973)
J. Prest, Liberty and Locality: Parliament, Permisive Legislation, and Ratepayers’ Democracies in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1990)
D. Eastwood, Government and Community in the English Provinces, 1700-1870 (1997)
W.D. Rubinstein, Men of Property: The Very Wealthy in Britain since the Industrial Revolution (1981)
W.D. Rubinstein, ‘Wealth, Elites and the Class Structure of Modern Britain’, Past and Present (1977)
W.D. Rubinstein, ‘The Victorian Middle Classes: Wealth, Occupation and Geography’, Economic History Review 30 (1977)
J. Smith, ‘Urban Elites c.1830-1930 and Urban History’, Urban History 27 (2000)
R.H. Trainor, ‘Urban Elites in Victorian Britain’, Urban History Yearbook (1985)
R.H. Trainor, Black Country Elites: The Exercise of Authority in an Industrialized Area, 1830-1900 (1993)
G. Anderson, Victorian Clerks (Manchester, 1976)
G. Crossick (ed.), The Lower Middle Class in Britain, 1870-1914 (1977)
N. McCord, North East England: An Economic and Social History (1979)
J.K. Walton, Lancashire: A Social History, 1558-1939 (Manchester, 1987)
R.W. Davis, Political Change and Continuity, 1760-1885: A Buckinghamshire Study (Newton Abbot, 1972)
R.J. Olney, Lincolnshire Politics, 1832-1885 (Oxford, 1973)
P.J. Waller, Democracy and Sectarianism: A Political and Social History of Liverpool, 1868-1939 (1981)
J. Davis, Reforming London: The London Government Problem, 1855-1900 (1988)

1. To what extent was the Victorian family a combination of cruelty and companionship?

2. How important was the extended family in the nineteenth century?

3. ‘The Good Angel of the race… redeeming all their sins’ (Nell, in Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop). Was this the dominant view of womanhood in the nineteenth century?

J.S. Mill, The Subjection of Women (1869)
E. Royston Pike (ed.), Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1966), sections on ‘Woman’s Place’ and ‘Sexual Relations’
E. Shorter, The Making of the Modern Family (1977)
E. Shorter, A History of Women’s Bodies (1984)
M. Anderson, The Emergence of the Modern Life Cycle in Britain’, Social History (1985)
M. Anderson, Approaches to the History of the Western Family, 1500-1914 (1980)
M. Anderson, Family Structure in Nineteenth-century Lancashire (1971)
J.A. Banks, Prosperity and Parenthood: A Study of Family Planning among the Victorian Middle Classes (1954)
J.A. Banks, Victorian Values: Secularism and the Size of Families (1981)
J.R. Gillis, For Better, For Worse: British Marriages, 1600 to the Present (1985)
A.J. Hammerton, Cruelty and Companionship: Conflict in Nineteenth-century Married Life (1992)
P. Jalland, Women, Marriage and Politics, 1860-1914 (Oxford, 1986)
P. Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family (Oxford, 1996)
R. Porter and L. Hall, The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain, 1650-1950 (New Haven, 1995)
L. Holcombe, Wives and Property: Reform of the Married Women’s Property Law in Nineteenth-century England (1983)
M.L. Shanley, Feminism, Marriage and the Law in Victorian England, 1850-1895 (Princeton, 1989)
F. Barret-Ducrocq, Love in the Time of Victoria: Sexuality and Desire among Working-class Men and Women in Nineteenth-century London (1992)
C. Waters, ‘Gender, Family, and Domestic Ideology’, in J.O. Jordan (ed.), The Cambridge Companion ot Charles Dickens (Cambridge, 2001)

1. Was the Victorian woman’s place in the home?

2. ‘The less the skill and exertion of strength implied in manual labour, in other words, the more modern industry becomes developed, the more is the labour of men superseded by that of women’ (K. Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party [1848]). Discuss in relation to nineteenth-century Britain.

E.S. Richards, ‘Women in the British Economy since about 1700: An Interpretation’, History (1974)
M. Berg, What Difference Did Women’s Work Make to the Industrial Revolution? (Warwick Economic Research Papers, 1991)
I. Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Indsutrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (1969)
D. Bythell, The Sweated Trades: Outwork in Nineteenth-century Britain (1978)
A.V. John (ed.), Unequal Opportunities: Women’s Employment in England, 1800-1918 (1986)
E. Roberts, Women’s Work, 1840-1940 (1988)
C. Chinn, They Worked All Their Lives: Women of the Urban Poor in England, 1880-1939 (Manchester, 1988)
J. Humphries, ‘The Most Free from Objection: The Sexual Division of Labour and Women’s Work in Nineteenth-century England’, Journal of Economic History (1987)
J. Bourke, ‘Housewifery in Working-class England, 1860-1914’, Past and Present (1994)
M. Hewitt, Wives and Mothers in Victorian Industry (1985)
E. Ross, Love and Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870-1918 (Oxford, 1993)
J. Lewis (ed.), Labour and Love: Women’s Experience of Home and Family, 1850-1940 (1986)
P. Branca, Silent Sisterhood: Middle-class Women in the Victorian Home (1975)
P. Horn, The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant (1975)
J. Gathorne-Hardy, The Rise and Fall of the British Nanny (1972)

What role did gender play in the making of the middle AND/OR the working classes in the nineteenth century?
J. Purvis (ed.), Women’s History: Britain, 1850-1945 (1995)
E. Breitenbach and E. Gordon (eds.), Out of Bounds: Women in Scottish Society, 1800-1945 (1992)
A.V. John (ed.), Our Mother’s Land: Chapters in Welsh Women’s History, 1830-1939 (1991)
A. Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995)
L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850 (1987)
C. Midgley, Women Against Slavery: The British Campaigns, 1780-1870 (1992)
C. Bolt, The Women’s Movement in the United States and Britain from the 1790s to the 1920s (1993)
J. Rendall (ed.), Equal or Different? Women’s Politics, 1800-1914 (1987)
M. Vicinus, Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (1985)
J. Lewis (ed.), Before the Vote Was Won: Arguments For and Against Women’s Suffrage, 1864-1896 (1987)
B. Harrison, Separate Spheres: The Opposition to Women’s Suffrage in Britain (1978)
J. Lawrence, ‘Class and Gender in the Making of Urban Toryism, 1880-1914’, English Historical Review (1993)

J. Tosh, A Man’s Place: Masculinity and the Middle-class Home in Victorian England (New Haven, 1999)
M. Roper and J. Tosh (eds.), Manful Assertions: Masculinities in Britain since 1800 (1991)
Bradstock (ed.), Masculinity and Spirituality in Victorian Culture (2000)
J.A. Mangan and J. Walvin (eds.), Manliness and Morality: Middle-class Masculinity in America and Britain, 1800-1940 (Manchester, 1987)

1. ‘The universe makes rather an indifferent parent, I am afraid’ (Mr. Jarndyce in Bleak House). Is this an accurate summation of the relationship between parents and children in the nineteenth century?

2. ‘I never threshed a boy in a hackney-coach before… There’s inconveniency in it, but the novelty gives it a sort of relish too!’ (Wackford Squeers in Nicholas Nickleby). Did adults brutalise children in the nineteenth century?

E. Royston Pike (ed.) Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1966), section on ‘Child Labour’
J. Burnett (ed.), Destiny Obscure: Autobiographies of Childhood, Education and Family from the 1820s to the 1920s (1984)
H. Cunningham, Children of the Poor: Representations of Childhood since the Seventeenth Century (1991)
J. Walvin, A Child’s World: A Social History of English Childhood, 1800-1914 (1982)
I. Pinchbeck and M. Hewitt, Children in English Society, Vol. 2, From the Eighteenth Century to the Children Act, 1948 (1973)
P. Horn, Children’s Work and Welfare, 1780-1890 (1995)
H. Hendrick, Child Welfare in England, 1872-1989 (1994)
J. Springhall, Coming of Age: Adolescence in Britain, 1860-1960 (1986)
J. Springhall, Youth, Empire and Society: British Youth Movements, 1883-1940 (1977)
S. Humphries, Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-class Childhood ad Youth, 1889-1939 (1981)
G. Pearson, Hooligan: A History of Respectable Fears (1983)
J.R. Gillis, Youth and History: Tradition and Change in European Age Relations, 1770-Present (1981)
J.R. Gillis, ‘The Evolution of Juvenile Delinquency, 1890-1914’, Past and Present (1975)
D. Reeder, ‘Predicaments of City Children: Late-Victorian and Edwardian Perspectives on Education and Urban Society’, in D. Reeder (ed.), Urban Education in the Nineteenth Century (1977)
C. Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up in Late-Victorian and Edwardian England (1981)
R. Newsom, ‘Fictions of Childhood’, in J.O. Jordan (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens (Cambridge, 2001)

‘The cost of production of a workman is restricted, almost entirely, to the means of subsistence that he requires for his maintenance, and for the propagation of his race’ (K. Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party [1848]). Does this explain changes in the workers’ standard of living during the Industrial Revolution?

F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, trans. and ed. W.O. Henderson and W.H. Chaloner (2^nd. edn. 1971)
M. Berg, The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain, 1700-1820 (1985)
P. Hudson, The Industrial Revolution (1992)
P. Hudson (ed.), Regions and Industries: A Perspective on the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1989)
M.J. Daunton, Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1995), ch.16 ‘The Standard of Living and the Social History of Wages’
E.H. Hunt, British Labour History, 1815-1914 (1981), ch.3
E.H. Hunt and F.W. Botham, ‘Wages in Britain during the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review (1987)
K. Snell, Annals of the Labouring Poor: Social Change and Agrarian England, 1600-1900 (1985)
A.J. Taylor (ed.) The Standard of Living in Britain during the Industrial Revolution (1975)
P.H. Lindert and J.G. Williamson, ‘English Workers’ Living Standards during the Industrial Revolution: A New Look’ Economic History Review 36 (1983)
J.G. Williamson, Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality? (1985)
C.H. Feinstein, ‘The Rise and Fall of the Williamson Curve’, Journal of Economic History 48 (1988)
E.J. Hobsbawm, Labouring Men (1964)
E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963), chs. 6-10
E. Hopkins, ‘Working Hours and Conditions during the Industrial Revolution: A Re-appraisal’, Economic History Review (1982)
E. Hopkins, A Social History of the English Working Classes, 1815-1945 (1979)
R. Floud, Height, Health and History: Nutritional Status in the U.K., 1750-1980 (1990)
J. Burnett, Idle Hands: The Experience of Unemployment, 1790-1990 (1994)
D. Bythell, The Handloom Weavers: A Study in the English Cotton Industry during the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, 1969)
D. Bythell, The Sweated Trades: Outwork in Nineteenth-century Britain (1978)
J. Foster, Class Struggle in the Industrial Revolution (1974)
N.J. Smelser, Social Change in the Industrial Revolution (1959)
M. Anderson, Family Structure in Nineteenth-century Lancashire (1971)
J. Humphries, ‘The Most Free from Objection: The Sexual Division of Labour and Women’s Work in Nineteenth-century England’, Journal of Economic History (1987)
M. Berg, What Difference Did Women’s Work Make to the Industrial Revolution? (Warwick Economic Research Papers, 1991)
M. Hewitt, Wives and Mothers in Victorian Industry (1985)

1. ‘Owing to the extensive use of machinery and to division of labour, the work of the proletarians has lost all individual character, and consequently, all charm for the workman’ (K. Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party [1848]). Is this why the process of industrialization was accompanied by extensive social disorder in nineteenth-century Britain?

2. ‘Work was perhaps the supreme instrument of social control’ (F.M.L. Thompson). Was this true during the ‘Industrial Revolution’?

J.T. Ward (ed.), The Factory System, vol. 1, Birth and Growth; Vol. 2 The Factory System and Society (1970)
M. Berg, The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain, 1700-1820 (1985)
P. Hudson, The Industrial Revolution (1992)
P. Hudson (ed.), Regions and Industries: A Perspective on the Industrial Revolution in Britain (1989)
R. Samuel, ‘Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain’, History Workshop 3 (1977)
R.J. Morris, Class and Class Consciousness in the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850 (1979)
J. Rule (ed.), British Trade Unionism 1750-1850: The Formative Years (1988)
J. Rule, The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial England, 1750-1850 (1986)
J. Belchem, Industrialization and the Working Class: The English Experience, 1750-1900 (1990)
R. Price, Labour in British Society (1986)
C. Calhoun, The Question of Class Struggle: Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (1982)
J.F.C. Harrison, The Second Coming: Popular Millenarianism, 1780-1850 (1979)
E.P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present 50 (1971)
E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963), chs.6-10, 4, 6
E.P. Thompson, ‘Time, Work-discipline and Industrial Capitalism’, Past and Present (1967)
M. Harrison, ‘Time, Work and the Ocurrence of Crowds, 1790-1834’, Past and Present 110 (1986)
M. Harrison, Crowds and History: Mass Phenomena in English Towns, 1790-1835 (Cambridge, 1988)
J. Saville, The Consolidation of the Capitalist State, 1800-1850 (1994)
A. Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995)
J. Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution (1974)
T. Koditschek, Class Formation and Urban-Industrial Society: Bradford, 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1990)
J. Stevenson, Popular Disturbances in England 1700-1870 (1979)
D. Read, Peterloo: The ‘Massacre’ and Its Background (1958)
R. Walmsley, Peterloo: The Case Re-opened (Manchester, 1969)
J. Belchem, Popular Radicalism in Nineteenth-century Britain (1996)
J. Belchem, ‘Orator Hunt’: Henry Hunt and English Working-class Radicalism (Oxford, 1985)
A. Randall, Before the Luddites: Custom, Community and Machinery in the English Woollen Industry, 1776-1809 (Cambridge, 1991)
M.I. Thomis, The Luddites: Machine-Breaking in Regency England (1970)
M.I. Thomis, The Town Labourer and the Industrial Revolution (1974)
M.I. Thomis and P. Holt, Threats of Revolution in Britain 1798-1848 (1977)
J. Marlow, The Tolpuddle Martyrs (1971)
E.J. Hobsbawm and G. Rude, Captain Swing (1969)
J.T. Ward, The Factory Movement, 1830-1855 (1962)
J.T. Ward (ed.), Popular Movements, c.1830-1850 (1970)
S. Pollard, ‘Factory Discipline in the Industrial Revolution’, Economic History Review (1963)
S. Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management: A Study of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain (1965)
S.D. Chapman, The Early Factory Masters: The Transition to the Factory System in the Midlands Textile Industry (1967)
J. Burnett, Idle Hands: The Experience of Unemployment, 1790-1990 (1994)
D. Bythell, The Handloom Weavers: A Study in the English Cotton Industry during the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, 1969)
D. Bythell, The Sweated Trades: Outwork in Nineteenth-century Britain (1978)
J.F.C. Harrison, Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America: The Quest for the New Moral World (1969)
I. Prothero, ‘William Benbow and the Concept of the General Strike,’ Past and Present (1974)
N. McCord, Strikes (1980), ch.2 ‘Early Strikes’
F.C. Mather, Public Order in the Age of the Chartists (1959)
H.I. Dutton and J.E. King, "Ten Per Cent and No Surrender": The Preston Strike, 1853-54 (Cambridge, 1981)
A. Briggs et al., History of Birmingham, Vols. 1 and 2 (1952)
E. Hopkins, Birmingham: The First Manufacturing Town in the World, 1760-1840 (1989)
J. Prest, The Industrial Revolution in Coventry (1960)
A. Kidd, Manchester (1993)

J. Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution (1974)
R.G. Kirby and A.E. Musson, The Voice of the People: John Doherty, 1798-1854, Trade Unionist, Radical and Factory Reformer (Manchester, 1975)
A.E. Musson, ‘Class Struggle and the Labour Aristocracy, 1830-60’, Social History (1976)
D. Gadian, ‘Class Consciousness in Oldham and Other North-west Industrial Towns’, Historical Journal 21 (1978)
T. Lummis, The Labour Aristocracy 1851-1914 (1994)
R.Q. Gray, The Aristocracy of Labour in Nineteenth Century Britain, c.1850-1900 (1981)
E.J. Hobsbawm, ‘The Labour Aristocracy in the Nineteenth Century’, in his Labouring Men (1964)
E.J. Hobsbawm, Worlds of Labour (1984), chs.10-13; reviewed by A.J. Reid, ‘Class and Organization’, Historical Journal 30 (1987)
H. Pelling, ‘The Concept of the Labour Aristocracy’, in his Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1968)
M.A. Shepherd, ‘The Origins and Incidence of the Term "Labour Aristocracy"’, Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History (1978)
G. Crossick, ‘The Labour Aristocracy and Its Values: A Study of Mid-Victorian Kentish London’, Victorian Studies (1976)
G. Crossick, An Artisan Elite in Victorian Society: Kentish London 1840-1880 (1978)
S. Cordery, ‘Friendly Societies and the Discourse of Respectability in Britain, 1825-1875’, Journal of British Studies (1995)
T.R. Thofsen, ‘The Transition to Democracy in Victorian England’, International Review of Social History (1961)
N. Kirk, The Growth of Working-Class Reformism in Mid-Victorian England (1985)
E.H. Hunt, Regional Wage Variations in Britain, 1850-1914 (Oxford, 1973)

‘Law, morality, religion, are to him [the proletarian] so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests’ (K. Marx, Manifesto of the Communit Party [1848]). Why then was ‘respectability’ so important to so many working men in the nineteenth century?
F.M.L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (1988)
S. Cordery, ‘Friendly Societies and the Discourse of Respectability in Britain, 1825-1875’, Journal of British Studies (1995)
P. Bailey, ‘"Will the Real Bill Banks Stand Up?": Towards a Role Analysis of Mid-Victorian Working-class Respectability’, Journal of Social History 12 (1979)
J. Benson (ed.), The Working Class in England 1875-1914 (1985)
G. Crossick, An Artisan Elite in Victorian Society: Kentish London 1840-1880 (1978)
R.Q. Gray, The Aristocray of Labour in Nineteenth Century Britain, 1850-1914 (1981)
B. Harrison, ‘Traditions of Respectability in British Labour History’, in his Peaceable Kingdom (1982)

1. Why did a united working class fail to develop in the nineteenth century?

2. Discuss the view that sharper status distinctions were to be found within the nineteenth-century middle and working classes, rather than between them.

A. Somerville, The Autobiography of a Working Man [1848], ed. by J. Carswell (1951)
R.J. Morris, Class and Class Consciousness in the Industrial Revolution, 1780-1850 (1979)
A.J. Reid, Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850-1914 (1990)
R. Samuel, ‘Workshop of the World: Steam Power and Hand Technology in Mid-Victorian Britain’, History Workshop 3 (1977)
J.L. and B. Hammond, The Skilled Labourer, 1760-1832 (1919)
J.L. and B. Hammond, The Town Labourer, 1760-1832 (1913)
J.L. and B. Hammond, The Village Labourer, 1760-1832 (6^th. edn., 1978)
J.L. and B. Hammond, The Bleak Age (1947)
J. Rule, The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial England, 1750-1850 (1986)
E.H. Hunt, British Labour History, 1815-1914 (1981)
J. Belchem, Industrialization and the Working Class: The English Experience, 1750-1900 (1990)
J. Belchem, Popular Radicalism in Nineteenth-century Britain (1996)
R. Price, Labour in British Society (1986)
K.D. Brown, The English Labour Movement, 1700-1951 (Dublin, 1982)
E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963), esp. chs.6-10, 4, 6
E.P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present 50 (1971)
C. Calhoun, The Question of Class Struggle: Social Foundations of Popular Radicalism during the Industrial Revolution (1982)
R.S. Neale, Class in English History, 1680-1950 (1981)
R.S. Neale, Class and Ideology in the Nineteenth Century (1976)
J. Saville, The Consolidation of the Capitalist State, 1800-1850 (1994)
A. Clark, The Struggle for the Breeches: Gender and the Making of the British Working Class (Berkeley, 1995)
J. Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution (1974)
T. Koditschek, Class Formation and Urban-Industrial Society: Bradford, 1750-1850 (Cambridge, 1990)
E.H. Hunt, Regional Wage Variations in Britain, 1850-1914 (Oxford, 1973)
J. Burnett, Idle Hands: The Experience of Unemployment, 1790-1990 (1994)
R. Price, ‘The Labour Process and Labour History’, Social History (1983)
P. Joyce, ‘Labour, Capital and Compromise’, Social History (1984)
P. Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (1980)
R.Q. Gray, The Aristocracy of Labour in Nineteenth Century Britain, c.1850-1900 (1981)
E.F. Biagini and A.J. Reid (eds.), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850-1914 (1991)
A.J. Reid, Social Classes and Social Relations in Britain, 1850-1914 (1990)
J. Benson, The Working Class in Britain, 1850-1939 (1989)
D. Kynaston, King Labour: The British Working Class, 1850-1914 (1976)
P. Joyce Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class, 1848-1914 (1991)
P. Joyce, ‘The End of Social History?’, Social History (1995)
N. Kirk, ‘In Defence of Class: A Critique of Recent Revisionist Writing upon the Nineteenth-century English Working Class’, International Review of Social History 32 (1987)
N. Kirk, ‘History, Language, Ideas and Posmodernism: A Materialist View’, Social History (1994)
N. Kirk, ‘Class and the "Linguistic Turn" in Chartist and Post-Chartist Historiography’, in N. Kirk (ed.), Social Classes and Marxism (1996)
S. Meacham, A Life Apart: The English Working Class, 1890-1914 (1977)
D. Vincent, Bread, Knowledge and Freedom (1980)
D. Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture in England, 1750-1914 (1990)
E. Nordlinger, The Working-class Tories: Authority, Defence and Stable Democracy (1967)
G. Stedman Jones, ‘Working-class Culture and Working-class Politics in London 1870-1900: Notes on the Remaking of a Working Class’, Journal of Social History (1974); also in his Languages of Class (1983)

E.H. Hunt, British Labour History, 1815-1914 (1981), ch.5 ‘Migrants, Emigrants, Immigrants’
J. Walvin, Passage to Britain: Immigration in British History and Politics (1984)
R. Swift and S. Gilley (eds.), The Irish in Britain, 1815-1939 (1989)
M.A.G. O’Tuataigh, ‘The Irish in Nineteenth Century Britain: Problems of Integration’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1981)
L. Hollen Lees, Exiles of Erin: Irish Migrants in Victorian London (Manchester, 1979)
D.M. MacRaild, Irish Migrants in Modern Britain, 1750-1922 (1999)
D.M. MacRaild (ed.), The Great Famine and Beyond: Irish Migrants in Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Dublin, 2000)
D.M. MacRaild, Culture, Conflict and Migration: The Irish in Victorian Cumbria (Liverpool, 1998)
R.F. Foster, Paddy and Mr. Punch (1993)
G.F.A. Best, ‘Popular Protestantism in Victorian Britain’, in R. Robson (ed.), Ideas and Institutions of Victorian Britain (1967)
F. Finnegan, Poverty and Prejudice: A Study of Irish Immigrants in York, 1840-1875 (Cork, 1982)
P.J. Waller, Democracy and Sectarianism: A Political and Social History of Liverpool, 1868-1939 (1981)
S. Fielding, Class and Ethnicity: Irish Catholics in England, 1880-1939 (1993)
P. Panayi, Immigration, Ethnicity and Racism in Britain, 1815-1945 (1994)
P. Panayi, Racial Violence in Britain, 1840-1950 (1993)

1. Why was Chartism able to attract and retain such a wide range of working-class support?

2. How important was state repression in the failure of Chartism?

3. Was Chartism a political or a socio-economic movement?

E.H. Hunt, British Labour History, 1815-1914 (1981), chs. 2-4, 6-8
E. Royle and J. Walvin, English Radicals and Reformers, 1760-1848 (Brighton, 1982)
E. Royle, Chartism (1980)
D. Jones, Chartism and the Chartists (1975)
J.T. Ward, Chartism (1973)
A. Wilson, ‘Chartism’, in J.T. Ward (ed.), Popular Movements, c.1830-1850 (1970)
D. Thompson, The Chartists: Popular Politics in the Industrial Revolution (1984)
J. Saville, 1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement (Cambridge, 1987)
J. Saville, The Consolidation of the Capitalist State, 1800-1850 (1994)
G. Stedman Jones, ‘Rethinking Chartism’, in his Languages of Class: Studies in English Working-class History, 1832-1982 (Cambridge, 1983)
J. Epstein and D. Thompson (eds.), The Chartist Experience: Studies in Working-class Radicalism and Culture, 1830-1860 (1983)
J. Epstein, The Lion of Freedom: Feargus O’Connor and the Chartist Movement, 1832-1842 (1982)
J. Epstein, ‘Understanding the Cap of Liberty: Symbolic Practice and Social Conflict in Early Nineteenth-century England’, Past and Present (1989)
W.H. Maehl, ‘The Dynamics of Violence in Chartism: A Case Study in North-Eastern England’, Albion (1975)
R. Sykes, ‘Physical-force Chartism: The Cotton District and the Chartist Crisis of 1839’, International Review of Social History (1985)
B. Harrison and P. Hollis, ‘Chartism, Liberalism and the Life of Robert Lowery’, English Historical Review (1967)
B. Harrison, ‘Teetotal Chartism’, History (1973)
D. Goodway, London Chartism, 1838-1848 (Cambridge, 1982)
D. Jones, The Last Rising: The Newport Insurrection of 1839 (Oxford, 1985)
N. Jenkins, The General Strike of 1842 (1980)
A. Wilson, The Chartist Movement in Scotland (1970)
J. Saville, Ernest Jones: Chartist (1952)
A.R. Schoyen, The Chartist Challenge: A Portrait of George Julian Harney (1958)
Briggs (ed.), Chartist Studies (1959)
F.C. Mather, Public Order in the Age of the Chartists (1959)
F.C. Mather (ed.), Chartism and Society: An Anthology of Documents (1980)
P. Scheckner (ed.), An Anthology of Chartist Poetry: Poetry of the British Working Class, 1830s-1850s (1989)
I. Haywood (ed.), The Literature of Struggle: An Anthology of Chartist Fiction (1995)
W. Lovett, The Life and Struggles of William Lovett, introd, R.H. Tawney (1967)
M. Hovell, The Chartist Movement (Manchester, 1918)
G.D.H. Cole, Chartist Portraits (1941)
M. Taylor, The Decline of British Radicalism, 1847-1860 (1995)
N. Kirk, The Growth of Working-class Reformism in Mid-Victorian England (1985)
T.R. Tholfsen, Working-class Radicalism in Mid-Victorian England (1976)

1. Were nineteenth-century republicans their own worst enemies?

2. To what extent was nineteenth-century monarchism sustained by the activties of a ‘welfare monarchy’?

F. Hardie, The Political Influence of the British Monarchy, 1868-1952 (1970)
D. Cannadine ‘The Context, Performance and Meaning of Ritual: The British Monarchy and the "Invention of Tradition", c.1820-1977’, in E.J. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (1983)
F.K. Prochaska, Royal Bounty: The Making of a Welfare Monarchy (1995)
F.K. Prochaska, The Republic of Britain, 1760-2000 (2000)
A. Taylor, ‘Down With the Crown’: British Anti-Monarchism and Debates about Royalty since 1790 (1999)
D. Nash and A. Taylor (eds.), Republicanism in Victorian Society (2000)
A. Taylor and L. Trainor, ‘Monarchism and Anti-Monarchism: Anglo-Australian Comparisons, c.1870-1901’, Social History 24 (1999)
E. Royle, Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movmeent, 1791-1866 (1974)
E. Royle, Radicals, Secularists and Republicans: Popular Freethought in Britain, 1866-1918 (Manchester, 1980)
E. Royle (ed.), The Infidel Tradition: From Paine to Bradlaugh (1976)
M.C. Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848-1874 (Cambridge, 1993)
M. Taylor, The Decline of British Radicalism, 1847-1860 (1995)
N. Kirk, The Growth of Working-class Reformism in Mid-Victorian England (1985)
T.R. Tholfsen, ‘The Transition to Democracy in Victorian England’, International Review of Social History (1961)
T.R. Tholfsen, Working-class Radicalism in Mid-Victorian England (1976)
R. Harrison, Before the Socialists: Studies in Labour and Politics, 1861-1881 (1965)
G.R. Searle, Entrepreneurial Politics in Mid-Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1993)
P. Adelman, Victorian Radicalism: The Middle-class Experience, 1830-1914 (1984)
D. Thompson, Queen Victoria: Gender and Power (1990)
T. Richards, ‘The Image of Victoria in the Year of the Jubilee’, Victorian Studies (1987)
K. Martin, The Crown and the Estabishment (1963)
T. Nairn, The Enchanted Glass: Britain and its Monarchy (1988), esp. Part 4 ‘Quiet Republicanism’
E. Shils and M. Young, ‘The Meaning of the Coronation’, Sociological Review 1 (1953)

1. ‘It is a characteristic feature of Trade Union History… that we have to trace the advance of the Movement through a series of attacks upon Trade Unionism itself’ (S. and B. Webb). Has the hostility of the state and the employers to trade unionism in the period 1815-1902 been exaggerated?

2. ‘Trade Unionism exists to-day to carry on the class-struggle’ (G.D.H. Cole, Worlds of Labour, 1913). To what extent was this true of trade unionism in the period 1815-1902 OR 1815-1850 OR 1850-1902?

J.T. Ward and W. Hamish Fraser (eds.), Workers and Employers: Documents on Trade Unions and Industrial Relations in Britain since the Eighteenth Century (1980), chs.1-3
J.T. Ward (ed.), The Factory System, vol. 1, Birth and Growth; Vol. 2 The Factory System and Society (1970)
F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, trans. and ed. W.O. Henderson and W.H. Chaloner (2^nd. edn. 1971)
Thomas Wright, ‘The Composition of the Working Classes’, in Wright, Our New Masters (1873, repr. 1969)
S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (2^nd. edn. 1896)
V.E. Chancellor (ed.), Master and Artisan in Victorian England: The Diary of William Andrews and the Autobiography of Joseph Gutteridge (1969)
J. Burnett (ed.), Useful Toil: Autobiographies of Working People from the 1820s to the 1920s (1974)
J. Rule (ed.), British Trade Unionism 1750-1850: The Formative Years (1988)
J. Rule, The Experience of Labour in Eighteenth-Century Industry (1981)
J. Rule, The Labouring Classes in Early Industrial England, 1750-1850 (1986)
J. Belchem, Industrialization and the Working Class: The English Experience, 1750-1900 (1990)
R. Price, Labour in British Society (1986)
W. Hamish Fraser, A History of British Trade Unionism, 1700-1998 (1999)
W. Hamish Fraser, ‘Trade Unionism’, in J.T. Ward (ed.), Popular Movements c.1830-1850 (1970)
H. Pelling, A History of British Trade Unionism (5^th. edn., 1992)
A.E. Musson, British Trade Unions, 1800-1875 (1972)
H. Browne, The Rise of British Trade Unions 1825-1914 (1979)
A. Fox, History and Heritage: The Social Origins of the British Industrial Relations System (1984)
J.T. Ward, The Factory Movement, 1830-1855 (1962)
J.T. Ward, Popular Movements, c.1830-1850 (1970)
J. Marlow, The Tolpuddle Martyrs (1971)
R.G. Kirby and A.E. Musson, The Voice of the People: John Doherty, 1798-1854, Trade Unionist, Radical and Factory Reformer (Manchester, 1975)
A. Briggs, ‘Robert Applegarth and the Trade Unions’, in his Victorian People (1954)
K. Hudson, Working to Rule. Railway Workshop Rules: A Study of Industrial Discipline (1970), chs.1-3
E.F. Biagini, ‘British Trade Unions and Popular Political Economy, 1860-80’, Historical Journal (1987)
E.F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone (1992)
E.F. Biagini and A.J. Reid (eds.), Currents of Radicalism: Popular Radicalism, Organized Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850-1914 (1991)
Boyer, ‘What Did Unions Do in Nineteenth Century Britain?’, Journal of Economic History (1988)
C.G. Hanson, ‘Craft Unions, Welfare Benefits, and the Case for Trade Union Law Reform’, Economic History Review (1975)
S. Pollard, ‘Nineteenth Century Co-operation’, in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (1960)
P. Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (1980)
H.I. Dutton and J.E. King, "Ten Per Cent and No Surrender": The Preston Strike, 1853-54 (Cambridge, 1981)
R.N. Price, ‘The Other Face of Respectability: Violence in the Manchester Brickmaking Trade, 1859-70’, Past and Present (1975)
J.E. King, ‘Popular Violence in the North Lancashire Cotton Strike of 1878’, Victorian Studies (1985)
S. Webb, The Story of the Durham Miners, 1662-1921 (1921)
S. and B. Webb, The History of Trade Unionism (2^nd. edn. 1896)
Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History (1962), special number on the Webbs, articles by Allen, Clegg and Musson
R. Harrison, ‘The Webbs as Historians of Trade Unionism’, in R. Samuel (ed.), People’s History and Socialist Theory (1981)
N. McCord, North East England: An Economic and Social History (1979)
R. Challinor and B. Ripley, The Miners’ Association: A Trade Union in the Age of the Chartists (1968)
A.J. Taylor, ‘The Miners’ Association 1842-48: A Study in the Problem of Integration’, Economica (1955)
O. Macdonagh, ‘Coal Mines Regulation: The First Decade 1842-1852’, in R. Robson (ed.), Ideas and Institutions of Victorian Britain (1967)
A.J. Heesom, ‘The Coal Mines Act of 1842, Social Reform and Social Control’, Historical Journal (1981)

1. What was the underlying social and economic philosophy of the co-operative movement?

2. ‘But there was in store a still greater victory of the political economy of labour over the political economy of property. We speak of the cooperative movement, especially the cooperative factories raised by the unassisted efforts of a few bold "hands". The value of these great social experiments cannot be overrated’ (K. Marx, Inaugural Address). Discuss.

3. ‘From socialists to shopkeepers’. Is this an accurate summary of the evolution of the British co-operative movement in the course of the nineteenth century?

B. Potter, The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain (1891)
K. Marx, Inaugural Address and Provisional Rules of the International Working Men’s Association (1864)
F. Harrison, ‘Industrial Co-operation’ (1865), pr. in National and Social Problems (1908; 1971)
G.J. Holyoake, The History of Co-operation (1906 edn.)
A. Toynbee, ‘The Education of Co-operators’, pr. in The Industrial Revolution (1884)
Sir Arthur Acland, Working Men Co-operators (1884)
T. H.S. Escott, England: its People, Polity and Pursuits (1880), ch.13
W.L. Blackley, Thrift and Indpendence (1884)
J.M. Baernreither, English Associations of Working Men (1893)
S. Pollard, ‘Nineteenth-Century Co-operation: from Community Building to Shopkeeping’, in A. Briggs and J. Saville (eds.), Essays in Labour History (1960)
B. Potter, The Co-operative Movement in Great Britain (1891)
G.D.H. Cole, A Century of Co-operation (1945)
A. Bonner, British Co-operation: The History, Principles and Organisation of the British Co-operative Movement (1961)
A. Bonner, Nineteenth Century Co-operation (1970)
J.F.C. Harrison, Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America: The Quest for the New Moral World (1969)
E.O. Greening, A Pioneer Co-partnership (1923)
W.H. Brown, A Century of London C-operation (1928)
M. Purvis, ‘The Development of Co-operative Retailing in England and Wales, 1851-1901’, Journal of Historical Geography, 16 (1990)
M. Purvis, ‘Co-operative Retailing in Britain’, in J. Benson & G. Shaw (eds.), The Evolution of the Retail System, c.1800-1914 (1992)
W. Lancaster, Radicalism, Co-operation and Socialism: Leicester Working Class Politics 1860-1906 (1987), ch.10
P. Johnson, ‘Credit and Thrift in the British Working Class 1870-1939’, in J.M. Winter (ed.), The Working Class in Modern British History (1983)
P. Johnson, Saving and Spending: The Working-class Economy in Britain, 1870-1939 (Oxford, 1985)
E. Ross, ‘Neighbourhood Sharing’, History Workshop Journal (1983)
E. Ross, Love and Toil: Motherhood in Outcast London, 1870-1918 (Oxford, 1993)

E. Hopkins, Working-class Self-Help in Nineteenth-century England: Responses to Industrialization (1995)
P. Gosden, The Friendly Societies in England, 1815-1875 (1963)
P. Gosden, Self-Help: Voluntary Associations in Nineteenth-Century Britain (1973)
B.B. Gilbert, ‘The Decay of Nineteenth-Century Provident Institutions and the Coming of Old Age Pensions’, Economic History Review, 18 (1965)
J. Treble, ‘The Attitude of the Friendly Societies towards the Movement in Britain for State Pensions 1878-1908’, International Review of Social History (1970)
P. Thane, ‘Non-Contributory Versus Insurance Pensions 1878-1908’, in P. Thane (ed.), The Origins of British Social Policy (1978)

‘A town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage’ (Coketown in Hard Times). Why did so many Victorians regard the industrial city as barbaric and threatening?
F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, trans. and ed. W.O. Henderson and W.H. Chaloner (2^nd. edn. 1971)
S. Marcus, Engels, Manchester and the Working Classes (1974)
E. Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain [1842], ed. by M.W. Flinn (Edinburgh, 1965)
A. Briggs, Victorian Cities (1964)
R. Dennis, English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century (1984)
J.H. Johnson and C.G. Pooley (eds.), The Structure of Nineteenth-century Cities (1982)
R.J. Morris and R. Rodger (eds.), The Victorian City, 1820-1914 (1993)
H.J. Dyos, Exploring the Urban Past: Essays in Urban History, ed. by D. Cannadine and D. Reeder (Cambridge, 1982)
D. Cannadine, Lords and Landlords: The Aristocracy and the Towns, 1774-1967 (1980)
D. Cannadine (ed.), Patricians, Power and Politics in Nineteenth-century Towns (1982)
D. Friedlander, ‘The Spread of Urbanization in England and Wales 1851-1951’, Population Studies 24 (1970)
C.M. Law, ‘The Growth of the Urban Population in England and Wales, 1801-1911’ Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 41 (1967)
J. Saville, Rural Depopulation in England and Wales, 1851-1951 (1957)
J. Walvin, English Urban Life, 1776-1851 (1984)
W. Ashworth, The Genesis of Modern British Town Planning (1954)
P. Hall, Cities of Tomorrow (1988)
G.E. Cherry, The Politics of Town Planning (1982)
G.E. Cherry, Cities and Plans (1988)
A. Sutcliffe, Towards the Planned City (1981)
A. Sutcliffe, ‘In Search of the Urban Variable: Britain in the Later Nineteenth Century’, in P. Fraser and A. Sutcliffe (eds.), The Pursuit of Urban History (1983)
P.J. Waller Town, City and Nation: England, 1850-1914 (1983)

Why did decent housing not become the responsibility of the state in the nineteenth century?
F. Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, trans. and ed. W.O. Henderson and W.H. Chaloner (2^nd. edn. 1971)
S. Marcus, Engels, Manchester and the Working Classes (1974)
E. Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain [1842], ed. by M.W. Flinn (Edinburgh, 1965)
O. Hill, Homes of the London Poor (1883 edn.)
A. Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: An Inquiry into the Condition of the Abject Poor (1883)
A. Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: With Leading Articles from the Pall Mall Gazette of October 1883 and Articles by Lord Salisbury, Joseph Chamberlain and F. Crozier (Leicester, 1970)
M. Kaufman, The Housing of the Working Classes and of the Poor (1907; repr. 1975)
R. Rodger, Housing in Urban Britain, 1780-1914 (1989)
J. Burnett, A Social History of Housing, 1815-1970 (1978)
A.S. Wohl, The Eternal Slum: Housing and Social Policy in Victorian London (1977)
A.S. Wohl, ‘The Bitter Cry of Outcast London’, International Review of Social History (1968)
A.S. Wohl, ‘Octavia Hill and the Housing of the London Poor’, Journal of British Studies 10 (1971)
G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship between Classes in Victorian Society (1971)
E. Gauldie, Cruel Habitations: A History of Working-class Housing, 1780-1918 (1974)
J.N. Tarn, Five Per Cent Philanthropy: An Account of Housing in Urban Areas between 1840 and 1914 (Cambridge, 1974)
F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), The Rise of Suburbia (Leicester, 1982)
F.M.L. Thompson, Hampstead: Building a Borough, 1650-1964 (1974)
H.J. Dyos, Victorian Suburb: A Study of the Growth of Camberwell (Leicester, 1961)
H.J. Dyos and M. Wolff (eds.), The Victorian City: Images and Realities, 2 Vols. (1973)
H.J. Dyos, Exploring the Urban Past: Essays in Urban History, ed. by D. Cannadine and D. Reeder (Cambridge, 1982)
J. Yelling, Slums and Slum Clearance in Victorian London (1986)
S.D. Chapman (ed.), The History of Working-class Housing: A Symposium (1971)
S.M. Gaskell, ‘Housing the Lower Middle Class, 1870-1914’, in G. Crossick (ed.), The Lower Middle Class in Britain, 1870-1914 (1977)
M.J. Daunton, ‘Housing’, in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), Cambridge Social History of Modern Britain, 1750-1950, Vol. 2 (1990)
M.J. Daunton, House and Home in the Victorian City: Working-Class Housing, 1850-1914 (1984)
M.J. Daunton, A Property-Owning Democracy? (1987)
D. Englander, Landlord and Tenant in Urban Britain, 1838-1918 (1983)
F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), The Rise of Suburbia (1982)
A. Marshall, ‘The Housing of the London Poor’, Contemporary Review 45 (1884)
J.L. and B. Hammond, The Town Labourer, 1760-1832 (1913)

1. ‘Prostitution is a transitory state, through which an untold number of British women are ever on their passage’ (Dr. W. Acton, Prostitution [1857; 2^nd. edn. 1870]). How true was this of nineteenth-century prostitution?

2. ‘Herself the supreme type of vice, she [the prostitute] is ultimately the most efficient guardian of virtue. But for her, the unchallenged purity of countless happy homes would be polluted’ (W.E.H. Lecky, History of European Morals [1869]. Was the ‘social evil’ tolerated because it was widely regarded as a necessary safety-valve?

3. Were women forced into prostitution by poverty?

E.J. Bristow, Vice and Vigilance: Purity Movements in Britain since 1700 (Dublin, 1977)
F. Finnegan, Poverty and Prostitution: A Study of Victorian Prostitutes in York (Cambridge, 1979)
J.R. Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class and the State (Cambridge, 1980)
J.R. Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (1982)
P. McHugh, Prostitution and Victorian Social Reform (1980)
T. Fisher, Prostitution and the Victorians (1997)
P. Bartley, Prostitution: Prevention and Reform in England, 1860-1914 (2000)
F. Barret-Ducrocq, Love in the Time of Victoria: Sexuality and Desire among Working-class Men and Women in Nineteenth-century London (1992)

1. Why were temperance organizations so popular in the nineteenth century, although licensing legislation made so little progress?

2. Why did brewers and publicans succeed in protecting the pub against temperance reformers in the nineteenth century?

S.C. Buxton, A Manual of Political Questions of the Day: With the Arguments on Either Side (London and Counties Liberal Union, 1881)
J. Rowntree and A. Sherwell, The Temperance Problem and Social Reform (1899)
B.S. Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life (1901), ‘Supplementary Chapter (a) Public-Houses’
R.A. Jameson (ed.), Doctors and Drinking: The Opinions of Sir Thomas Barlow, Bart.; Sir Victor Horsley, etc. (United Kingdom Alliance, 1905)
G.B. Wilson, Alcohol and the Nation: A Contribution to the Study of the Liquor Problem in the United Kingdom from 1800 to 1935 (1940)
B. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England, 1815-
1872 (1971; 2^nd. edn., Keele, 1994)
Harrison and B. Trinder, Drink and Sobriety in an Early Victorian Country Town: Banbury, 1830-1860 (English Historical Review supplement 4, 1969)
B. Harrison, ‘"A World of Which We Had No Conception": Liberalism and the Temperance Press, 1830-1872’, Victorian Studies (1971)
B. Harrison, ‘Drink and Sobriety in England, 1815-1872: A Critical Bibliography’, International Review of Social History 12 (1967)
B. Harrison, ‘Pubs’, in H.J. Dyos and M. Wolff (eds.), The Victorian City, Volume I (1973)
B. Harrison, ‘Religion and Recreation in Nineteenth-century England’, Past and Present 38 (1967)
B. Harrison, ‘Traditions of Respectability in British Labour History’, in his Peaceable
Kingdom (1982)
R.N. Price, ‘The Working Men’s Club Movement and Victorian Social Reform Ideology'’ Victorian Studies (19
Spiller, Victorian Public Houses (1972)
M. Girouard, Victorian Pubs (1975)
W.R. Lambert, Drink and Sobriety in Victorian Wales, c.1820-c.1895 (1983)
L.L. Shiman, Crusade Against Drink in Victorian Wales (New York, 1988)
L.L. Shiman, ‘The Band of Hope Movement: Respectable Recreation for Working-class Children’, Victorian Studies 17 (1973)
Reid, ‘Temperance, Teetotalism and Local Culture: The Early Temperance Movement in Sheffield’, Northern History (19
A. Croll, ‘Street Disorder, Surveillance and Shame: Regulating Behaviour in the Public Spaces of the Late Victorian British Town’, Social History 24 (1999)
D.J. Oddy, ‘Food, Drink and Nutrition’, in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Britain, 1750-1950, Vol. II, People and their Environment (Cambridge, 1990)
A.E. Dingle, ‘Drink and Working-class Living Standards in Britain, 1870-1914’, Economic History Review 25 (1972)
J.B. Brown, ‘The Pig or the Stye: Drink and Poverty in Late Victorian England’, International Review of Social History 18 (1973)
R.M. MacLeod, ‘The Edge of Hope: Social Policy and Chronic Alcoholism, 1870-1900’, Journal of the History of Medicine 22 (1967)
D.M. Fahey, Temperance and the Liberal Party: Lord Peel’s Report, 1899’, Journal of British Studies 10 (1971)
J.M. Lee, ‘The Political Significance of Licensing Legislation’, Parliamentary Affairs 14 (1961)
D.W. Gutzke, ‘Rhetoric and Reality: The Political Influence of British Brewers, 1832-1914’, Parliamentary History 9 (1990)
D.W. Gutzke, Protecting the Pub: Brewers and Publicans Against Temperance (1989)
D.A. Hamer, The Politics of Electoral Pressure (1977), chs. 9-13
A.W. Purdue, ‘Arthur Henderson and Liberal, Liberal-Labour and Labour Politics in the North-East of England, 1892-1903’, Northern History 11 (1975)

1. Did the working classes get the sort of leisure activites that they wanted in the nineteenth century?

2. Why were reformers so unsuccessful in reforming leisure in the nineteenth century?

E. and S. Yeo, Popular Culture and Class Conflict, 1590-1914: Explorations in the History of Labour and Leisure (Brighton, 1981)
R.W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700-1850 (1973)
P. Bailey, Leisure and Class in Victorian England: Rational Recreation and the Contest for Control, 1830-85 (1978)
J.M. Golby and A.W. Purdue, The Civilisation of the Crowd: Popular Culture in England, 1750-1900 (1984)
D. Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture in England, 1750-1914 (1990)
J. Walvin, Leisure and Society, 1830-1950 (1978)
H.E. Meller, Leisure and the Changing City, 1870-1914 (1976)
A. Reid, ‘The Decline of St. Monday, 1766-1876’, Past and Present 71 (1976)
R. Carr, English Fox Hunting
W. Vamplew, The Turf: A Social and Economic History of Horse Racing (1976)
J.K. Walton and J. Walvin (eds.), Leisure in Britain, 1780-1939 (Manchester, 1983)
J. Walvin, Beside the Seaside: A Social History of the Popular Seaside Holiday (1978)
H.J. Perkin, ‘The "Social Tone" of Victorian Seaside Resorts in the North-west’, Northern History 11 (1975)
R. Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (1989)
A. Mason (ed.), Sport in Britain: A Social History (1989)
A. Mason, Association Football and English Society, 1863-1915 (1980)
J. Walvin, The People’s Game: A Social History of British Football (1975)
W. Vamplew, Pay Up and Play the Game: Professional Sport in Britain, 1875-1941 (1988)
G. Stedman Jones, ‘Working-class Culture and Working-class Politics in London 1870-1900: Notes on the Remaking of a Working Class’, Journal of Social History (1974); also in his Languages of Class (1983)
L. Senelick, ‘Politics as Entertainment: Victorian Music Hall Songs’, Victorian Studies (1975)
P. Bailey, ‘Conspiracies of Meaning: Music Hall and the Knowingness of Popular Cuture’, Past and Present (1994)
P. Bailey (ed.), Music Hall: The Business of Pleasure (1986)
J.S. Bratton (ed.), Music Hall: Performance and Style (1986)
C. Chinn, Better Betting with a Decent Feller: Bookmaking, Betting and the British Working Class, 1750-1990 (1991)
M. Clapson, A Bit of a Flutter: Popular Gambling and English Society, c.1823-1961 (Manchester, 1992)
R.I. McKibbin, ‘Working-class Gambling in Britain’, in his The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain, 1880-1950 (Oxford, 1990)
R.I. McKibbin, ‘Work and Hobbies in Britain, 1880-1950’, in his The Ideologies of Class: Social Relations in Britain, 1880-1950 (Oxford, 1990)
D.J. Gray, ‘The Uses of Victorian Laughter’, Victorian Studies 10 (1966)
M.R. Booth, Victorian Spectacular Theatre, 1850-1910 (1981)
L. James, Performance and Politics in Popular Drama, 1800-1976 (1980)
V.E. Neuburg, Popular Literature (1977)
T. Kelly, History of Public Libraries in Great Britain (1973)
G.L. Griest, Mudie’s Circulating Library and the Victorian Novel (1970)
M.R. Turner (ed.) Parlour Poetry (1974)
M.R. Turner (ed.), The Parlour Song Book (1974)
J.S. Bratton, The Victorian Popular Ballad (1975)
D.B. Scott, The Singing Bourgeois: Songs of the Victorian Drawing-Room and Parlour (Milton Keynes, 1989)
R. Pearsall, Victorian Popular Music (1973)
C. Ehrlich, The Piano: A History (1976)
C. Ehrlich, The Music Profession in Britain since the Eighteenth Century: A Social History (Oxford, 1985)
P. Van der Merwe, Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-century Popular Music (Oxford, 1989)

To what extent was Britain a ‘consumer society’ by the second half o fthe nineteenth century?
W. Hamish Fraser, The Coming of the Mass Market, 1850-1914 (1981)
T. Richards, The Commodity Culture of Victorian Britain: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851-1914 (Stanford, 1990)
A.H. Miller, Novels Behind Glass: Commodity, Culture and Victorian Narrative (Cambridge, 1995)
J.L. Freedman, Professions of Taste: Henry James, British Aestheticism and Commodity Culture (Stanford, 1990)
J.B. Jefferys, Retail Trading in Britain, 1850-1950 (Cambridge, 1954)
W. Lancaster, The Department Store: A Social History (1995)
A. Adburgham, Shops and Shopping, 1800-1914: Where and In What Manner the Well-dressed Englishwoman Bought her Clothes (1964)
L.A. Loeb, Consuming Angels: Advertising and Victorian Women (1994)
E.S. Abelson, When Ladies Go A-thieving: Middle-class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store (1989)
G. Crossick and S. Jaumain (eds.), Cathedrals of Consumption: The European Department Store, 1850-1939 (1999)
M.J. Winstanley, The Shopkeeper’s World, 1830-1914 (Manchester, 1983)
A. Briggs, Friends of the People: The Centenary History of Lewis’s (1956)

How useful is the notion of ‘social control’ to the historian of Victorian England?
G. Stedman Jones, ‘Class Expression versus Social Control? A Critique of Recent Trends in the Social History of "Leisure"’, History Workshop Journal (1977); also in his Languages of Class (1983)
F.M.L. Thompson, ‘Social Control in Victorian Britain’, Economic History Review 34 (1981)
M.J. Quinlan, Victorian Prelude: A History of English Manners, 1700-1830 (1941M. Jaeger, Before Victoria: Changing Standards and Behaviour, 1787-1837 (1956)
M.J.D. Roberts, ‘The Society for the Suppression of Vice and its Early Critics, 1809-1812’, Historical Journal (1983)
V. Bailey, ‘Salvation Army Riots, the "Skeleton Army" and Legal Authority in the Provincial Town’, in A.P. Donajgrodski (ed.), Social Control in Nineteenth-century Britain (1977)
B. Harrison, ‘Religion and Recreation in Nineteenth-century England’, Past and Present 38 (1967)
R.N. Price, ‘The Working men’s Club Movement and Victorian Social Reform Ideology'’ Victorian Studies (1971)
A. Croll, ‘Street Disorder, Surveillance and Shame: Regulating Behaviour in the Public Spaces of the Late Victorian British Town’, Social History 24 (1999)
H. Shimmin, Low Life and Moral Improvement in Mid-Victorian England: Liverpool through the Journalism of Hugh Shimmin, edited by J.K. Walton and A. Wilcox (Leicester, 1991)

What motivated philanthropists in the ninetenenth century?
D.E. Owen, English Philanthropy, 1660-1960 (Cambridge, Mass., 1965)
B. Harrison, ‘Philanthropy and the Victorians’, in his Peaceable Kingdom (1982)
F. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth-century England (Oxford, 1980)
F. Prochaska, Royal Bounty: The Making of a Welfare Monarchy (1995)
D. Roberts, Paternalism in Early Victorian England (1979)
S.A. Barnett, Settlements of University Men in Great Towns (Oxford, 1884)
Universities Settlement Association, Work for University Men in East London (Cambridge, 1884)
S. Meacham, Toynbee Hall and Social Reform, 1884-1914: The Search for Community (New Haven, 1987)
A. Briggs and A. Macartney, Toynbee Hall: The First Hundred Years (1984)

1. Was evangelicalism the ‘moral cement’ (D.C. Somervell) of nineteenth-century British society?

2. Was G.M. Young correct that, in the early nineteenth century, evangelical discipline, ‘secularized as respectability, was the strongest binding force on a nation which without it might have broken up’?

3. Is H.J. Perkin right that, in the nineteenth century, ‘with the emergence of class antagonism, morality became the last defence of property short of repression by force’?

4. ‘The true Christian will never be a leveller’ (Arthur Young). Is this borne out by Christianity in the nineteenth century?

W.E. Gladstone, ‘The Evangelical Movement: Its Parentage, Progress and Issue’, in his Gleanings of Past Years, Vol. VII (1879)
J. Tulloch, Movements of Religious Thought in Britain during the Nineteenth Century (1885; repr. 1971)
A.D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Cvhange, 1740-1914 (1976)
J.D. Walsh, C. Haydon and S. Taylor (eds.), The Church of England, 1688-1833 (1993), esp. Intro.
G.F.A. Best, Temporal Pillars: Queen Anne’s Bounty, the Ecclesiastical Commissioners and the Church of England (Cambridge,1964)
D. Bowen, The Idea of the Victorian Church: A Study of the Church of England, 1833-1893 (Montreal, 1968)
O. Chadwick, The Victorian Church (2 vols. 1966 and 1970)
G. Kitson Clark, Churchmen and the Condition of England, 1832-85 (1973)
T. Laquer, Religion and Respectability: Sunday Schools and Working-class Culture, 1780-1850 (1978)
G. Parsons and J.R. Moore (eds.), Religion in Victorian Britain, Vols. 1 Traditions; Vol. 2 Controversies; Vol. 3 Sources; Vol. 4 Interpretations (Open University, 1988)
C.G. Brown, Religion and Society in Scotland since 1730 (1987)
W.R. Ward, Religion and Society in England, 1790-1850 (1972)
H. McLeod, Religion and Society in England, 1850-1914 (1996)
H. McLeod, Religion and the Working Class in Nineteenth-century Britain (1984)
H. McLeod, European Religion in the Age of Great Cities, 1830-1930 (1995), esp. Intro. And Part 2
H. McLeod, ‘New Perspectives of Victorian Working-Class Religion’ Oral History (1986)
H. McLeod, ‘White Collar Values and the Role of Religion’, in G. Crossick (ed.), The Lower Middle Class in Britain 1870-1914 (1977)
K.S. Inglis, Churches and the Working Classes in Victorian England (1963)
J. Obelkevich, Religion and Rural Society: South Lindsay, 1825-1875 (1976)
E.R. Norman, Roman Catholicism in England (Oxford, 1985)
E.R. Norman, The Victorian Christian Socialists (Cambridge, 1987)
M. Watts, The Dissenter, Vol. 2 (Oxford, 1978)
D.W. Bebbington, Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s (1989)
D.W. Bebbington, The Nonconformist Conscience: Chapel and Politics, 1870-1914 (1982)
J. Wolffe (ed.), Evangelical Faith and Public Zeal: Evangelicals and Society in Britain, 1780-1980 (1995)
I. Bradley, The Call to Seriousness: The Evangelical Impact of the Victorians (1976)
J. Wolffe, God and Greater Britain: Religion and National Life in Britain and Ireland, 1843-1945 (1994)
S. Bruce (ed.), Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis (1992)
S. Budd, ‘The Loss of Faith: Reasons for Unbelief among Members of the Secular Movement in England, 1850-1950’, Past and Present (1967)
S. Budd, Varieties of Unbelief: Atheists and Agnostics in English Society (1977)
E. Royle, Victorian Infidels: The Origins of the British Secularist Movmeent, 1791-1866 (1974)
E. Royle, Radicals, Secularists and Republicans: Popular Freethought in Britain, 1866-1918 (Manchester, 1980)
E. Royle (ed.), The Infidel Tradition: From Paine to Bradlaugh (1976)
J.F.C. Harrison, The Second Coming: Popular Millenarianism, 1780-1850 (1979)
J. Cox, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth 1870-1930 (1982)
R. Currie, A.D. Gilbert and L. Horsley, Churches and Churchgoers: Patterns of Church Growth in Great Britain since 1700 (1977)
A.D. Gilbert, The Making of Post-Christian Britain (1980)
R. Moore, Pitmen, Preachers and Politics: The Effects of Methodism in a Durham Mining Community (Cambridge, 1974)
H. Pelling, ‘Popular Attitudes to Religion’, in his Popular Politics and Society in Late Victorian Britain (1968)
F.M. Turner, ‘The Victorian Crisis of Faith and the Faith that Was Lost’, in R. Helmstadter and B. Lightman (eds.), Victorian Faith in Cisis (1990)
F.M. Turner, Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (1974)
J.A. Banks, Victorian Values: Secularism and the Size of Families (1981)
B. Webb, My Apprenticeship (1926), ch.2

1. ‘Science is greatly to be admired and encouraged, but if it is to take the place of our Creator, and if philosophers and students try to explain everything and to disbelieve whatever they cannot prove, I call it a great evil instead of a great blessing’ (Queen Victoria). Why were many Victorians so unsettled by evolutionary theories?

2. ‘By the late 1870s the Origin of Species had been absorbed by most Christians’ (D. Read). Why was this?

C.C. Gillispie, Genesis and Geology: A Study in the Relations of Scientfic Thought, Natural Theology and Social Opinion in Great Britain, 1790-1850 (1951)
J.W. Burrow, Evolution and Society: A Study in Victorian Social Theory (1966)
C. Darwin, The Origin of Species (1859)
C. Darwin, Autobiography (ed. N. Barlow, 1958)
A. Desmond and J.R. Moore, Darwin (1991)
A. Desmond, Huxley: The Devil’s Disciple (1994)
A. Desmond, Huxley: Evolution’s High Priest (1997)
W. Irvine, Thomas Henry Huxley (Writers & their Work : Longman, 1973)
J.R. Moore, The Post-Darwin Controversies (1979)
R.M. Young, Darwin’s Metaphor: Nature’s Place in Victorian Culture (1985)
R.J. Richards, Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behaviour (1987)
P.J. Bowler, Evolution: The Progress of an Idea (1984)
N. Stepan, The Idea of Race in Science (1982)
G.W. Stocking, Victorian Anthropology (1987)
G.W. Stocking, Race, Culture and Evolution (1969)
R. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Thought (1979)
G. Jones, Social Darwinism and English Thought (1980)
F.M. Turner, Between Science and Religion: The Reaction to Scientific Naturalism in Late Victorian England (1974)
C. Webster (ed.), Biology, Medicine and Science, 1840-1940 (1981)
L.A. Farrall, The Origins and Growth of the English Eugenics Movement (1984)
D.J. Kevles, The Eugenicists (1985)
G.R. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency (1971)

Was the nineteenth-century British state capable of effective social intervention?
D.N. Chester, The English Administrative System, 1780-1870 (1981)
V. Cromwell, Revolution or Evolution: British Government in the Nineteenth Century (1977)
O.M. Macdonagh, ‘The Nineteenth-century Revolution in Government: A Re-appraisal’, Historical Journal (1958)
O.M. Macdonagh, Early Victorian Governemnt, 1830-70 (1977)
H. Parris, ‘The Nineteenth-century Revolution in Government: A Re-appraisal re-examined’, Historical Journal (1960)
H. Parris, Government and the Railways in Nineteenth-century Britain (1965)
H. Parris, Constitutional Bureaucracy (1969)
G. Sutherland (ed.), Studies in the Growth of Nineteenth-century Government (1972)
M.J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain: The Foundations of Empirical Social Research (1975)
D. Eastwood, ‘"Amplifying the Province of the Legislature": The Flow of Information and the English State in the Early Nineteenth century’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research (1989)
D. Eastwood, ‘Men, Morals and the Machinery of Social Legislation, 1790-1840’, Parliamentary History (1994)
P.W.J. Bartrip, ‘British Government Inspection, 1832-75’, Historical Journal (1972)
R.M. Gutchen, ‘Local Improvement and Centralisation in Nineteenth Century England’, Historical Journal (1961)
J. Prest, Liberty and Locality: Parliament, Permisive Legislation, and Ratepayers’ Democracies in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1990)
A.J. Taylor, Laissez-faire and State Intervention in Nineteenth-century Britain (1972)
D. Roberts, The Victorian Origins of the British Welfare State (New Haven, 1960)
W.C. Lubenow, The Politics of Government Growth: Early Victorian Attitudes towards State Intervention, 1833-48 (1971)
B.H. Harrison, ‘State Intervention and Moral Reform’, in P. Hollis (ed.), Pressure from Without in Early Victorian England (1974)
A. Hawkins, ‘"Parliamentary Government" and Victorian Political Parties’, English
Historical Review (1989)
R. Quinault, ‘Westminster and the Victorian Constitution’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1992)

‘The "dangerous class," the social scum…’ (K. Marx, Manifesto of the Communist Party [1848]). Is this how the poor were regarded in the 1830s and 1840s?
The Poor Law Report of 1834, ed. with an introd. By S.G. and E.O.A. Checkland (1974)
E. Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain [1842], ed. by M.W. Flinn (Edinburgh, 1965)
H. Mayhew, The Unknown Mayhew: Selections from the Morning Chronicle, 1849-1850, ed. by E.P. Thompson and E. Yeo (1971)
H. Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, Vol. 1 (1851); Vol. 2 (1851); Vol. 3 (1861); Vol. 4 (1862)
Charles Booth’s London: A Portrait of the Poor at the Turn of the Century drawn from his ‘Life and Labour of the People in London’, ed. by A. Fried and R.M. Elman (1969)
B.S. Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life (1901)
E.H. Hunt, British Labour History, 1815-1914 (1981), ch.4 ‘Poverty’
M.J. Daunton, Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain, 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1995), ch.17 ‘Poor Relief and Charity’
Kidd, State, Society and the Poor in Nineteenth-century England (1999)
G. Finlayson, Citizen, State and Social Welfare in Britain, 1830-1990 (Oxford, 1994)
G. Himmelfarb, The Idea of Poverty (1984)
D. Winch, Malthus (1987)
K. Williams, From Pauperism to Poverty (1981)
J.R. Poynter, Society and Pauperism: English Ideas on Poor Relief, 1795-1834 (1969)
U.R.Q. Henriques, Before the Welfare State: Social Administration in Early Industrial Britain (1979)
E.J. Evans (ed.), Social Policy, 1830-1914 (1978)
J.D. Marshall, The Old Poor Law, 1795-1834 (2^nd. edn. 1986)
D. Fraser (ed.), The New Poor Law in the Nineteenth Century (1976)
M. Blaug, ‘The Myth of the Old Poor Law and the Making of the New’, Journal of Economic History (1963)
M. Blaug, ‘The Poor Law Report Re-examined’, Journal of Economic History (1964)
J.P. Huzel, ‘Malthus, the Old Poor Law and Population in Early Nineteenth-century England’, Economic History Review (1969)
A. Brundage, The Making of the New Poor Law: The Politics of Inquiry, Enactment and Implementation, 1832-39 (1978)
P. Mandler, ‘The Making of the New Poor Law Redivivus’, Past and Present (1987); and P. Mandler, A. Brundage and D. Eastwood, ‘Debate’, Past and Present (1990)
A. Digby, The Poor Law in Nineteenth-century England and Wales (1982)
A. Digby et al., The New Poor Law (1985)
A. Digby, Pauper Palaces (1978)
A. Digby, ‘The Labour Market and the Continuity of Social Policy after 1834: The Case of the Eastern Counties’, Economic History Review (1975)
P. Dunkley, ‘Paternalism, the Magistracy and Poor Relief in England, 1795-1834’, International Review of Social History (1979)
P. Dunkley, ‘The Hungry Forties and the New Poor Law’, Historical Journal (1974)
M.E. Rose, ‘The Allowance System under the New Poor Law’, Economic History Review 19 (1966)
M.E. Rose, The English Poor Law, 1780-1930 (1971)
M.E. Rose, The Relief of Poverty, 1834-1914 (1972)
M.E. Rose (ed.), The Poor and the City: The English Poor Law in Its Urban Context, 1834-1914 (1985)
N.C. Edsall, The Anti-Poor Law Movement, 1834-44 (1971)
M.A. Crowther, The Workhouse System, 1834-1929 (1981)
J.H. Treble, Urban Poverty in Britain, 1830-1914 (1979)
C. Chinn, Poverty Amidst Prosperity: The Urban Poor in England, 1834-1914 (Manchester, 1995)
G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship between Classes in Victorian Society (1971)
J. Burnett, Idle Hands: The Experience of Unemployment, 1790-1990 (1994)

To what extent was Sir Edwin Chadwick responsible for making public health a major issue?
E. Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain [1842], ed. by M.W. Flinn (Edinburgh, 1965)
V. Berridge, ‘Health and Medicine’, in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), Cambridge Social History of Modern Britain, 1750-1950, Vol. 3 (1990)
T. McKeown, Medicine in Modern Society (1965)
S. Szreter, Fertility, Class and Gender in Britain, 1860-1940 (1996)
J. Burnett, Plenty and Want: A Social History of Diet in England from 1815 to the Present Day (1966)
B. Abel Smith, The Hospitals 1800-1948 (1964)
F.B. Smith, The People’s Health, 1830-1910 (1979)
A.S. Wohl, Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain (1983)
C.F. Brockington, A Short History of Public Health (1956)
S.E. Finer, The Life and Times of Sir Edwin Chadwick (1952)
R.A. Lewis, Edwin Chadwick and the Public Health Movement, 1832-1854 (1952)
R. Lambert, Sir John Simon, 1816-1904, and English Social Administration (1963)
M.J. Peterson, The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian London (Berkeley, 1978)

1.How effective was the police in preventing and detecting crime in the nineteenth century?
2. Was the nineteenth-century penal system organised to punish or reconstruct the criminal?
3. Was there a crime wave in late Victorian Britain?
V.A.C. Gatrell et al. (eds.) The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (1981)
V.A.C. Gatrell and T.N. Hadden, ‘Criminal Statistics and their Interpretation’, in E.A. Wrigley (ed.), Nineteenth-century Society: Essays in the Use of Quantitative Methods for the Study of Social Data (1972)
J.J. Tobias, Crime and Industrial Society in the Nineteenth Century (1967)
K. Chesney, The Victorian Underworld (1972)
J. Stevenson, Popular Disturbances in England, 1700-1870 (1979)
P. Linebaugh, The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (1991)
D. Hay, ‘Crime and Justice in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century England’, in N. Morris and M. Tonry (eds.) Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research (1980)
D. Hay and F. Snyder (eds.), Policing and Prosecution in Britain, 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1989)
C. Emsley, ‘The History of Crime and Crime Control Institutions, c.1770-c.1945’ in
M. Maguire et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Crimonology (Oxford, 1994)
J. Styles, ‘The Emergence of the Police: Explaining Police Reform in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-century England, British Journal of Criminology (1987)
D. Philips, Crime and Authority in Victorian England: The Black Country, 1835-1860 (1977)
V. Bailey (ed.) Policing and Punishment in Nineteenth-century Britain (1981)
D. Jones, Crime, Protest, Community and Police in Nineteenth-century Britain (1982)
D.J.V. Jones, ‘The Poacher: A Study in Victorian Crime and Protest’, Historical Journal 22 (1979)
V.A.C. Gatrell, The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People (1994)
L. Radzinowicz and R. Hood, The Emergence of Penal Policy (Oxford, 1986)
M. Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution (1979)
W.J. Forsythe, The Reform of the Prisoners, 1830-1900 (1987)
M. Weiner, Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law and Policy in England, 1830-1914 (Cambridge, 1990)
L. Zedner, Women, Crime and Custody in Victorian England (Oxford, 1991)

1. Why did the state intervene in the provision of elementary and secondary education for children in the nineteenth century?
2. What was the educational ideology of the public schools in the nineteenth century?
J.Stuart Maclure (ed.), Educational Documents: England and Wales, 1816-1967 (1968)
G. Sutherland, ‘Education’, in F.M.L. Thompson (ed.), The Cambridge Social History of Modern Britain, 1750-1950 (Cambridge, 1990)
E.G. West, Education and the Industrial Revolution (1975)
J. Lawson and H. Silver, A Social History of Education in England (1973)
W.B. Stephens, Education in Britain, 1750-1914 (1998)
B. Simon, Studies in the History of Education, 1780-1870 (1960)
M. Sanderson, Education, Economic Change and Society in England, 1780-1870 (2^nd. edn., 1991)
A. Digby and V. Searby, Children, School and Society in Nineteenth-century England (1981)
J.S. Hurt, Education in Evolution: Church, State, Society and Popular Education, 1800-1870 (1971)
J.S. Hurt, Elementary Schooling and the Working Classes, 1860-1918 (1979)
P. Horn, Education in Rural England, 1800-1914 (1978)
D. Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture in England, 1750-1914 (1990)
J. Springhall, Coming of Age: Adolescence in Great Britain, 1860-1960 (1986)
S. Humphries, Hooligans or Rebels? An Oral History of Working-class Childhood ad Youth, 1889-1939 (1981)
M. Sanderson, The Missing Stratum: Technical Education in England, 1900-1990 (1994), ch.1
A. Green, ‘Technical Education and State Formation in Nineteenth-century England and France’, History of Education (1995)
M. Argles, South Kensington to Robbins: An Account of English Technical and Scientific Education since 1851 (1964)
J. Purvis, A History of Women’s Education in England (1991)
F. Hunt (ed.), Lessons for Life: The Schooling of Girls and Women, 1850-1950 (1987), chs. 1, 5, 8
C. Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up in Late-Victorian and Edwardian England (1981)
T.W. Bamford, The Rise of the Public Schools (1967)
J.R. de S. Honey, Tom Brown’s Universe: The Development of the Victorian Public School (1977)
J.A. Mangan, Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School: The Emergence and Consolidation of the Educational Ideology (Cambridge, 1986)
H. Berghoff, ‘Public Schools and the Decline of the British Economy, 1870-1914’, Past and Present (1990)

What was the purpose of the British university in the nineteenth century?
M.G. Brock and M.C. Curthoys (eds.), The History of the University of Oxford, Vols. 6-7 Nineteenth-century Oxford (Oxford, 1997)
B. Harrison (ed.), The History of the University of Oxford, Vol. III The Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1994)
L. Stone, ‘The Size and Composition of the Oxford Student Body, 1580-1909’, in L. Stone (ed.) The University and Society, Vol. I (1975)
C. Brooke, A History of the University of Cambridge, Vol. IV 1870-1990 (1993)
M. Garland, Cambridge Before Darwin: The Ideal of a Liberal Educartion, 1800-1860 (1980)
A.D. Cullen, The Imperial Intellect: A Study of Newman’s Educational Ideal (1955)
A.J. Engel, From Clergyman to Don: The Rise of the Academic Profession in Nineteenth-century Oxford (1983)
C. Harvie, The Lights of Liberalism: Univeristy Liberals and the Challenge of Democracy, 1860-1886 (1976)
P. Slee, Learning and a Liberal Education: The Study of Modern History in the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Manchester, 1800-1914 (1986)
A.G.L. Haig, ‘The Church, the Universities and Learning in Later Victorian England’, Historical Journal 29 (1986)
L. Goldman, Dons and Workers: Oxford and Adult Education since 1850 (1995)
T. Kelly, A History of Adult Education in Great Britain (3^rd. edn., 1990)
J.F.C. Harrison, Learning and Living, 1790-1960: A Study in the History of the Adult Education Movement (1961)
J.P.C. Roach, Public Examinations in England, 1850-1900 (1971)
A.J. Heesom, The Founding of the University of Durham (1982)
M. Sanderson (ed.), The Universities in the Nineteenth Century (1975)
D.R. Jones, The Origins of Civic Universities: Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool (1988)
M. Sanderson, The Universities and British Industry (1972)
W.D. Rubinstein, ‘Education and the Social Origins of British Elites, 1880-1970’, Past and Present (1980)
R.D. Anderson, Education and Opportunity in Victorian Scotland: Schools and Universities (1983)
M. Argles, South Kensington to Robbins: An Account of English Technical and Scientific Education since 1851 (1964)
J. Howarth, ‘Introduction’, to E. Davies, Higher Education of Women (1988 edn.)
J. Howarth and M.C. Curthoys, ‘The Political Economy of Women’s Higher Education in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-century Britain’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research (1987)
G. Sutherland, ‘The Social and Intellectual Context of the Movement for Women’s Higher Education’, in P.J. Waller (ed.), Politics and social Change in Modern Britain (1987)
R. McWilliams-Tullberg, ‘Women and Degress at Cambridge, 1862-1897, in M. Vicinus (ed.), A Widening Sphere: Changing Roles of Victorian Women (1977)
J.S. Pederson, ‘The Reform of Women’s Secondary and Higher Education: Institutional Change and Social Values in Mid- and Late-Victorian England’, History of Education Quarterly 19 (1979)

How dominant was the ‘Whig interpretation of history’ in the nineteenth century?
K. Robbins, Nineteenth-century Britain: England. Scotland and Wales (Oxford, 1989)
L. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (1992)
L. Brockliss and D. Eastwood (eds.), A Union of Multiple Identities: The British isles, c.1750-c.1850 (Manchester, 1997)
E.J. Hobsbawm and T.O. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (1983)
C. Hall, Defining the Victorian Nation: Class, Race, Gender and the British Reform Act of 1867 (Cambridge, 2000)
H.S. Jones, Victorian Political Thought (2000)
P. Bowler, The Invention of Progress: The Victorians and the Past (1989)
H. Butterfield, The Whig Interpretation of History (1931)
J. Burrow, A Liberal Descent: Victorian Historians and the English Past (1981)
S. Collini, D. Winch and J. Burrow, That Noble Science of Politics (1983)
Forbes, The Liberal Anglican Idea of History (1952)
P.B.M. Blaas, Continuity and Anachronism: Parliamentary and Constitutional Development in Whig Historiography (1978)
C. Harvie, The Lights of Liberalism: Univeristy Liberals and the Challenge of Democracy, 1860-1886 (1976)
R. Jann, The Art and Science of Victorian History (1985)
P. Levine, The Amateur and the Professional: Antiquarians, Historians and Archaeologists in Victorian England (1986)
C. Hill, ‘The Norman Yoke’, in his Puritanism and Revolution (1958)
V. Chancellor, History for their Masters: Opinion in the English History Textbook, 1800-1914 (1970)
F.M. Turner, The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain (1981)
R. Jenkyns, The Victorians and Ancient Greece (1980)
W. Stubbs, Inaugural Lecture (1867)
D. Wormell, Sir John Seeley and the Uses of History (1980)
D. Cannadine, G.M. Trevelyan: A Life in History (1992)
J. Stapleton, Englishness and the Study of Politics: The Social and Political Thought of Ernest Barker (1994)
R.F. Foster, ‘History and the Irish Question’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1983)
R.F. Foster, Paddy and Mr. Punch: Connections in irish and English History (1993)
J. Sheehy, The Rediscovery of Ireland’s Past: The Celtic Revival, 1830-1930 (1980)
W.J. McCormack, Ascendancy and Tradition in Anglo-Irish Literary History, 1789-1939 (1985)
K.O. Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (1981)
C. Kidd, Subverting Scotland’s Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity, 1689-c.1830 (1993)

Was ‘public opinion’ the invention of the press in the nineteenth century?
A. Jones Powers of the Press: Newspapers, Power and the Public in Nineteenth-century England (1996)
S. Koss, The Rise and Fall of the Political Press in Britain, Vol. 1, The Nineteenth Century (1981)
L. Brown, Victorian News and Newspapers (Oxford, 1985)
A.J. Lee, The Origins of the Popular Press in England, 1855-1914 (1976)
D. Read, Press and People, 1790-1850: Opinion in Three English Cities (1961)
D. Read, Peel and the Victorians (1987)
D.G. Boyce, J. Curran and P. Wingate (eds.), Newspaper History from the Seventeenth Century to the Present Day (1978)
J. Curran and J. Seaton, Power Without Responsibility: The Press and Broadcasting in Britain (1997)
B. Harrison, ‘"A World of Which We Had No Conception": Liberalism and the Temperance Press, 1830-1872’, Victorian Studies (1971)
J. Vincent, The Formation of the British Liberal Party, 1857-68 (1966), esp. section on ‘The New Press’
P.J. Waller (ed.), Politics and Social Change in Modern Britain (Brighton, 1987), essay by H.C.G. Matthew
R.G. Cox, ‘The Reviews and Magazines’ and R.K. Webb, ‘The Victorian Reading Public’, in B. Ford (ed.), From Dickens to Hardy: Volume 6 of the Pelican Guide to English Literature (1958)
J. Shattock and M. Wolff (eds.), The Victorian Periodical Press: Samplings and Soundings (Leicester, 1982)
J. Shattock, Politics and Reviewers: The Edinburgh and the Quarterly in the Early Victorian Age (1989)

1. What did the Victorian reading public like to read?
2. What impact did industrialization and urbanization have on the form and content of literature in the nineteenth century?
R. Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950 (1958)
R. Williams, The Long Revolution (1961)
R. Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (1976)
R.K. Webb, ‘The Victorian Reading Public’, in B. Ford (ed.), From Dickens to Hardy: Volume 6 of the Pelican Guide to English Literature (1958)
R.D. Altick, The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900 (1957)
D. Vincent, Literacy and Popular Culture in England, 1750-1914 (1990)
K. Flint, The Woman Reader, 1837-1914 (Oxford, 1993)
N. Cross, The Common Writer (1985)
J.A. Sutherland, Victorian Novelists and Publishers (1976)
J.A. Sutherland, Victorian Fiction: Writers, Publishers, Readers (1995)
K. Flint (ed.), The Victorian Novelist: Social Problems and Social Change (1987)
M. Vicinus, The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nineteenth-Century British Working-Class Literature (1974)
H. House, The Dickens World (2^nd. edn., 1960)
Wilson, The World of Charles Dickens (1970)
K. Flint, Dickens (Brighton, 1986)
I. Armstrong, Victorian Poetry: Poetry, Poetics and Politics (1993)
G. Beer, Darwin’s Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-century Fiction (1983)
N. McKendrick, ‘"Gentlemen and Players" Revisited: The Gentlemanly Ideal, the Business Ideal and the Professional ideal in English Literary Culture’, in N. McKendrick and R.B. Outhwaite (eds.), Business Life and Publicity ((1986)
H.L. Sussman, The Victorians and the Machine: The Literary Response to Technology (1968)
C. Gallagher, The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction (1985)
P. Brantlinger, The Spirit of Reform: British Literature and Politics, 1832-1867 (1977)
P. Brantlinger, The Reading Lesson: The Threat of Mass Literacy in Nineteenth-century British Fiction (1998)
P. Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830-1914 (1988)
L. James, Fiction for the Working Man, 1830-1850: A Study of the Literature Produced for the Working Classes in Early Victorian England (1963)
K. Tillotson, Novels of the Eighteen Forties (1956)
S.M. Smith, The Other Nation: The Poor in English Novels of the 1840s and 1850s (1980)
P.J. Keating, The Working Classes in Victorian Fiction (1971)
D.J. Gray, ‘The Uses of Victorian Laughter’, Victorian Studies 10 (1966)
M.R. Booth, Victorian Spectacular Theatre, 1850-1910 (1981)
L. James, Performance and Politics in Popular Drama, 1800-1976 (1980)
V.E. Neuburg, Popular Literature (1977)
T. Kelly, History of Public Libraries in Great Britain (1973)
G.L. Griest, Mudie’s Circulating Library and the Victorian Novel (1970)
M.R. Turner (ed.) Parlour Poetry (1974)
I. Britain, Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts, c.1884-1918 (1982)

1. What impact did industrialization and urbanization have on painting in the nineteenth century?
2. Why was there a Gothic revival in the nineteenth century?
J. Wolff and J. Seed (eds.), The Culture of Capital: Art, Power and the Nineteenth-century Middle Class (Manchester, 1988)
K. Flint, The Victorians and the Visual Imagination (Cambridge, 2000)
F.D. Klingender, Art and the Industrial Revolution (1968 edn.)
L. Lambourne, Victorian Painting (1999)
J. Treuherz, Victorian Painting (1993)
J. Treuherz, Hard Times: Social Realism in Victorian Art (Manchester City Art Gallery, 1987)
A. Bermingham, Landscape and Ideology: The English Rustic Tradition, 1740-1860 (1987)
Staley, The Pre-Raphaelite Landscape (1973)
A. Grieve The Pre-Raphaelite Modern-Life Subject (1976)
The Pre-Raphaelites (Tate Gallery Exhibition Catalogue, 1984)
R. Lister, Victorian Narrative Painting (1966)
F. Haskell, Rediscoveries in Art: Some Aspects of Taste, Fashion and Collecting in England and France (1976)
H. and A. Gernsheim, Concise History of Photography (1965)
J.M. Crook, The Dilemma of Style: Architectural Ideas from the Picturesque to the Post-Modern (1987)
A.W.N. Pugin, An Apology for the Revival of Christian Architecture in England (1843)
J.D. Rosenberg (ed.), The Genius of John Ruskin (1964)
P. Thompson, William Butterfield (1971)
N. Pevsner, Some Architectural Writers of the Nineteenth Century (1972)
D. Olsen, The Growth of Victorian London (1976)
K. Clark, The Gothic Revival (1928)
S. Muthesius, The High Victorian Movement in Architecture (1972)
M. Girouard, Sweetness and Light: The Queen Anne Movement, 1860-1900 (1970)
M. Girouard, The Return to Camelot: Chivalry and the English Gentleman (New Haven, 1981)
M. Girouard, Life in the English Country House: A Social and Architectural History (New Haven, 1978)
J. Gloag, Victorian Comfort: A Social History of Design from 1830 to 1900 (1961)
P. Stansky, Redesigning the World: William Morris, the 1880s and the Arts and Crafts (1985)

1. Has the social and psychological impact of railways in nineteenth-century Britain been exaggerated?

2. Why have historians not been able to agree about the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the ‘standard of living’ of the British people?

3. Why and how did the Victorian state regulate EITHER the education system OR public health OR prostitution OR drinking?

4.Which class was most class conscious in nineteenth-century Britain?

5. To what extent were Victorian cities ‘mere man-heaps, machine-warrens, not organs of human association’ (Lewis Mumford, The Culture of Cities, 1938)?

6. Was Heinrich Heine right that, ‘Talk to an Englishman on religion and he is a fanatic…’ (quoted by Beatrice Webb, Diary, 16 March 1884)?

7. ‘Punishment is not for revenge but to reduce crime and reform the criminal’ (Elizabeth Fry). Was this the objective of the Victorian penal system?

8. To what extent was the relationship between EITHER a Victorian husband and wife OR a victorian parent and child one of domination and submission?

9. ‘To recommend thrift to the poor is both grotesque and insulting. It is like advising a man who is starving to eat less. For a town or country labourer to practise thrift would be absolutley immoral’ (Oscar Wilde, The Soul of Man under Socialism, 1891). Why, then, did many Victorians recommend it?

10. Why were the ‘Victorian sages’ so critical of their society?

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